Question 1

A prototype is:
A) a group of objects sharing one or more common features
B) the first example of a concept that one encounters
C) the most frequent or common example of a concept
D) the best or most typical example of a concept

Accepted Answer

A prototype is the best or most typical example of a concept.

Question 2

In a lexical decision task in which participants must judge whether a string of letters forms a word in English,participants are first shown the string BANANA.Based on what you know about categories and spreading activation,which of the following strings might participants then judge the most rapidly
A) APPLE
B) ANANAB
C) MAVEN
D) BANDANA

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a lexical decision task in which...

Question 3

Participants are asked to judge whether a string of letters forms a word in English.The first string they receive is the word VIOLIN.On a subsequent list of words,results show that the participants are substantially faster at answering "Yes" to the word PIANO than to the word TOILET or BASKET.Which concept does this result most clearly illustrate
A) episodic memory
B) state-dependent learning
C) the spacing effect
D) spreading activation

Accepted Answer

This result most clearly illustrates the concept of spreading activation, which suggests that when a person is presented with one word, related concepts in memory are automatically activated and make related information more accessible. In this case, the word PIANO is likely more strongly associated in memory with VIOLIN because they are both musical instruments, leading to faster and more accurate judgments of whether it is a word in English. The words TOILET and BASKET may not have as strong of an association with VIOLIN, leading to slower and less accurate judgments of whether they are English words.

Question 4

A schema is:
A) a conceptual framework for interpreting a situation
B) a form of proactive interference
C) an important result of decay
D) an item that has been forgotten

Accepted Answer

A schema is a mental framework or blueprint used to organize and interpret incoming information in a particular context or situation. It helps individuals make sense of new information by connecting it to existing knowledge and experiences. Schemas can impact perception, memory, and behavior.

Question 5

Research participants are asked to judge whether or not a string of letters forms a word in English.They are first given the string CABBAGE.Based on what you know about categories and spreading activation,which of the following strings might participants then judge the most rapidly
A) CRIBBAGE
B) CARROT
C) TOILET
D) CABOOSE

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research participants are asked to judge whether...

Question 6

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead.Completing a rental application,Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses,as she's had several addresses since.Owen is experiencing __________ interference; Pippa is experiencing _________.
A) retrograde; anterograde interference
B) retroactive; retroactive interference as well
C) proactive; proactive interference as well
D) proactive; retroactive interference

Accepted Answer

Owen is experiencing proactive interference because his old phone number is interfering with his ability to recall his friend's new number. Pippa is experiencing retroactive interference because her more recent addresses are interfering with her ability to recall an older address for the rental application.

Question 7

Suppose you begin to list all the classes you've ever taken in college.Chances are,you will recall your last few classes particularly well.What is this phenomenon called
A) chunking
B) the primacy effect
C) the recency effect
D) memory consolidation

Accepted Answer

The recency effect is the tendency to remember information that was presented most recently. This is why the last few classes taken in college are likely to be recalled particularly well.

Question 8

In ________ interference,information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in _________ interference,recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.
A) retroactive; proactive
B) proactive; retroactive
C) regressive; progressive
D) progressive; regressive

Accepted Answer

The answer of In ________ interference,information learned earlier disrupts the...

Question 9

Mothers are necessarily female.Being female is thus a _________ feature of the category 'mother.'
A) schematic
B) prototypical
C) essential
D) defining

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mothers are necessarily female.Being female is thus...

Question 10

Which of the following alternatives best captures the relationship between the concept of a schema and that of a stereotype
A) The concept of a schema is unrelated to that of a stereotype.
B) The concept of a schema is broader than that of a stereotype.
C) The concept of a schema is narrower that of a stereotype.
D) The concept of a schema is the same as that of a stereotype.

Accepted Answer

A schema refers to a mental framework or structure that helps us to organize and make sense of information in the world around us. Stereotypes, on the other hand, are specific types of schemas that are characterized by oversimplified and exaggerated beliefs or assumptions about a particular group of people. Therefore, stereotypes are a subset of schemas, meaning that the concept of a schema is broader than that of a stereotype.

Question 11

"Cat food,cola,toothpaste," your roommate begins reciting items into the phone as you throw your books in the backseat and get into your car; you're supposed to hit the store on the way home.He continues to list a few more items.Finally,he wraps up: "Coffee creamer,spaghetti sauce,dish liquid,and ice tea mix." You forget a few things,but the Ragu,Dawn,and Lipton's are in the bag.Your memory for these items reflects the _________ effect.
A) primacy
B) serial order
C) list memory
D) recency

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the tendency for individuals to better remember items at the end of a list or sequence. In this scenario, the individual remembers the items that were listed last (Ragu, Dawn, and Lipton's) but forgets the earlier items. This is characteristic of the recency effect.

Question 12

Dr.Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects might happen: He assumes students will assemble,take notes,and occasionally ask a question.That Dr.Tranh finds the process so routine most clearly reflects the development of:
A) a semantic association
B) explicit memory
C) a schema
D) a retrieval path

Accepted Answer

Dr.Tranh's assumption about how his lectures will go indicates the development of a schema- a mental framework of preconceived ideas about how things work or how things happen in particular situations. This schema has likely developed as a result of repeated experience with giving lectures.

Question 13

Which of the following defines retroactive interference
A) Memory impairment that occurs when earlier learning impairs later learning
B) Memory impairment that occurs when later learning is impaired by earlier learning
C) Memory impairment that occurs when longer lists come before shorter lists
D) Memory impairment that occurs in short-term memory

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when later learning disrupts the recall of previously learned information. Option A is describing proactive interference. Option C is not related to interference, and option D doesn't specify the type of interference.

Question 14

Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby
A) the number of synaptic and dendritic connections between neurons increases with experience.
B) memories become fixed and stable for the long term.
C) neural pathways become activated more easily as learning occurs.
D) disturbing memories seem to gain in intensity over time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby
A)...

Question 15

Properties that must be true of all members of a category are termed ________ features.
A) prototypical
B) schematic
C) defining
D) essential

Accepted Answer

Defining features are necessary for all members of a category and help to distinguish it from other categories. Prototypical features refer to characteristics that are most typical or representative of a category but not necessarily necessary for all members. Schematic features refer to features that are commonly associated with a category but not necessary for all members. Essential features are similar to defining features but are typically used in the context of defining a particular concept or theory.

Question 16

Bruce watches a new television program with enthusiasm.He then watches a second,similar program.Bruce later finds it to remember the details of the second program; he finds that details about the first program keep intruding.What has probably occurred
A) interference
B) misinformation
C) overlearning
D) repression

Accepted Answer

Interference refers to the phenomenon where previously learned information interferes with the ability to recall newly learned information. In this case, details about the first program are interfering with the ability to remember details about the second, similar program.

Question 17

Often,one memory triggers others.Of the following,which is the most likely mechanism by which this might occur
A) spreading activation
B) serial activation
C) network priming
D) distributed processing

Accepted Answer

Spreading activation is a cognitive process in which activation of one concept triggers activation of related concepts in memory. This means that activation spreads from one node (concept) to other related nodes, leading to the retrieval of related memories. Therefore, spreading activation is the most likely mechanism by which one memory triggers others.

Question 18

Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester.The problem is,the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way,causing her to forget Spanish words.Nana is experiencing ________ interference.
A) retroactive
B) progressive
C) proactive
D) retrograde

Accepted Answer

Nana is experiencing proactive interference, where old information (French vocabulary) interferes with the ability to remember new information (Spanish vocabulary).

Question 19

Which of the following defines proactive interference
A) Memory impairment that occurs when earlier learning impairs later learning
B) Memory impairment that occurs when later learning is impaired by earlier learning
C) Memory impairment that occurs when longer lists come before shorter lists
D) Memory impairment that occurs in short-term memory

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following defines proactive interference
A)...

Question 20

Which of the following is most likely the prototype of the category "fruit"
A) olive
B) apple
C) persimmon
D) blueberry

Accepted Answer

Apples are a more common and widely recognized fruit compared to olives, persimmons, and blueberries. They also have many typical fruit characteristics such as being sweet, juicy, and having identifiable seeds.

Quiz 8: Brains, Bodies, and Behavior

A prototype is:

A schema is:

Research participants are asked to judge whether or not a string of letters forms a word in English.They are first given the string CABBAGE.Based on what you know about categories and spreading activation,which of the following strings might participants then judge the most rapidly

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead.Completing a rental application,Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses,as she's had several addresses since.Owen is experiencing __ interference; Pippa is experiencing _.

Suppose you begin to list all the classes you've ever taken in college.Chances are,you will recall your last few classes particularly well.What is this phenomenon called

In interference,information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in _ interference,recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

Mothers are necessarily female.Being female is thus a _________ feature of the category 'mother.'

Which of the following alternatives best captures the relationship between the concept of a schema and that of a stereotype

Dr.Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects might happen: He assumes students will assemble,take notes,and occasionally ask a question.That Dr.Tranh finds the process so routine most clearly reflects the development of:

Which of the following defines retroactive interference

Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby

Properties that must be true of all members of a category are termed ________ features.

Bruce watches a new television program with enthusiasm.He then watches a second,similar program.Bruce later finds it to remember the details of the second program; he finds that details about the first program keep intruding.What has probably occurred

Often,one memory triggers others.Of the following,which is the most likely mechanism by which this might occur

Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester.The problem is,the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way,causing her to forget Spanish words.Nana is experiencing ________ interference.

Which of the following defines proactive interference

Which of the following is most likely the prototype of the category "fruit"