Question 1

Which of the following is a similarity between John Watson's school of behaviorism and John Locke's concept of tabula rasa?
A) Both emphasize the joint contributions of nature and nurture to one's development.
B) Both suggest that one's genetic endowment determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills.
C) Both suggest that experience determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills.
D) Both emphasize the importance of maturational processes.

Accepted Answer

Both John Watson's behaviorism and John Locke's concept of tabula rasa suggest that experience plays a crucial role in determining one's ideas, preferences, and skills. They both view the individual's mind as a blank slate that is shaped by environmental factors, rather than pre-determined by genetics or maturational processes.

Question 2

Which of the following is true of fixation in the oral stage?​
A) It occurs because of being toilet trained too strictly.
B) It occurs because of being weaned too early or breast-fed for too long.
C) It occurs because of concentrating on school work for too long.
D) It occurs because of playing with children of the opposite gender too often.

Accepted Answer

The fixation in the oral stage occurs because of being weaned too early or breast-fed for too long. This stage is characterized by the primary source of pleasure being the mouth, and fixation here can lead to oral behaviors such as smoking, biting nails, or overeating. The other options listed are not related to the oral stage of psychosexual development.

Question 3

The idea of childhood as a special time of life:
A) was concurrent with a time of ease for children during the Industrial Revolution.
B) became evident during the Industrial Revolution, as children became more visible.
C) lasted throughout the Industrial Revolution but gradually declined through the 20th century.
D) corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family during this time.

Accepted Answer

The idea of childhood as a special time of life became evident during the Industrial Revolution, as children became more visible. Before the Industrial Revolution, children were viewed as small adults and were expected to work and contribute to the family's income. However, during the Industrial Revolution, children were separated from adults in the workplace, which led to the recognition of childhood as a distinct stage of life.

Question 4

Natalia is a grown woman who still sucks her thumb. Her co-workers notice her behavior but are too polite to mention it. According to Freud, Natalia is fixated at the _____ of development.
A) anal stage
B) oral stage
C) phallic stage
D) genital stage

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, the oral stage occurs from birth to 18 months, during which the primary pleasure is centered on the mouth, and oral fixations, such as thumb-sucking, can occur. Therefore, Natalia is fixated at the oral stage.

Question 5

Which of the following factors plays a role in fixation during the anal stage of development?​
A) Strict toilet training
B) Excessive breast feeding
C) Excess work load in school
D) Interaction with opposite-sex children

Accepted Answer

During the anal stage (between 18 months to 3 years), a child's focus is on controlling their bowel movements. If the parents impose strict toilet training during this stage, the child may develop fixation, leading to anal-retentive personality traits characterized by high levels of orderliness, cleanliness, and obstinacy. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. The other options are not relevant to the anal stage of development.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of children in the 20th century?
A) Children received greater legal protection than they did prior to then.
B) Children were married younger than during previous centuries.
C) Children were considered to be the property of their parents.
D) Children experienced less emphasis on education than during previous centuries.

Accepted Answer

In the 20th century, there were several legal protections put in place for children, such as child labor laws and mandatory education laws.

Question 7

Four-year-old Zack has a bed-wetting problem. A special pad is placed under him while he is asleep. If the pad becomes wet, a bell rings. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad and eventually stops wetting the bed altogether. In this scenario, which of the following theories has been applied to treat Zack's bed-wetting?​
A) Psychodynamic theory
B) Cognitive theory
C) Psychosocial theory
D) Learning theory

Accepted Answer

The learning theory has been applied in treating Zack's bed-wetting by using the bell which acts as a stimulus to make him learn to wake up before wetting the pad. This type of learning is called classical conditioning. As a result, Zack eventually stops wetting the bed altogether.

Question 8

Which of the following perspectives of child development is Arnold Gesell credited with?
A) Biological maturation of children
B) The inherent goodness of children
C) The inherently flawed nature of children
D) Environment influences of children

Accepted Answer

Arnold Gesell is credited with the perspective of biological maturation of children. He believed that development unfolds according to a pre-determined, biological schedule and that children are active participants in their own development.

Question 9

The purpose of the first standardized intelligence test was to:
A) measure IQ scores to determine genius-level abilities in children.
B) identify children who were at risk of falling behind in school.
C) create separate classrooms for high- and low-intelligence children.
D) compare people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.

Accepted Answer

The first standardized intelligence test, created by Alfred Binet in 1904, was designed to identify children who were at risk of falling behind in school. It was not intended to measure genius-level abilities, create separate classrooms, or compare people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.

Question 10

Which of the following is a similarity between Freud's and Erikson's psychoanalytic theories?​
A) Both are types of stage theories.
B) Both are exclusively nature theories.
C) Both are exclusively nurture theories
D) Both are quantitative theories.

Accepted Answer

Both Freud and Erikson's theories are stage theories, which means that they depict development as progressing through a series of distinct stages with unique challenges and opportunities for growth. While Freud's theory emphasizes the role of unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses in shaping personality, Erikson's theory identifies a sequence of psychosocial conflicts that individuals must navigate in order to achieve healthy personality development.

Question 11

John Locke is most likely to agree with the fact that:
A) children are born innately good.
B) children are born innately evil.
C) children are influenced by their experiences.
D) Children are indifferent to their surroundings.

Accepted Answer

John Locke believed in the tabula rasa theory, which suggests that all individuals are born with a blank slate and that their experiences shape their character and behavior. Therefore, he is most likely to agree with the statement that children are influenced by their experiences.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of the ego according to Freud?​
A) It is biologically based and present at birth.
B) It is driven by the quest for pleasure.
C) It forces us to follow rules and acts as a moral base.
D) It makes plans that are socially appropriate.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the ego is responsible for making plans and decisions that are socially appropriate and follow the rules of society. It acts as a mediator between the id (which is driven by pleasure) and the superego (which acts as a moral base). The ego is not biologically based, but rather develops through early childhood experiences.

Question 13

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as _____.
A) innately good
B) innately evil
C) a tabula rasa
D) a genetic product

Accepted Answer

The answer of In ancient times and in the Middle...

Question 14

According to Erikson, which of the following is true of early experiences?​
A) They are more challenging than later experiences.
B) They continue to affect future development.
C) They exert very little influence on who we become.
D) They only predict future development once we reach six to eight years of age.

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that early experiences continue to affect future development and that the first years of life are critical in shaping our sense of trust, autonomy, and initiative.

Question 15

The psychosexual theory of development is similar to the psychosocial theory of development in that:​
A) both theories assert that human development is a continuous, lifelong process with little or no gaps.
B) both theories suggest that a child's experiences during early stages affect the child's emotional and social life at the time and later on.
C) both theories believe that a child or adult's behavior is learned.
D) both theories suggest that adaptation and natural selection are connected with behavior.

Accepted Answer

Both the psychosexual theory and psychosocial theory emphasize the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping emotional and social development later in life. While the psychosexual theory focuses on the development of sexual instincts, the psychosocial theory looks at the development of ego identity and social relationships. However, both theories acknowledge the significance of early life experiences in shaping future behavior and attitudes.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of family life during the industrial revolution?
A) Family life was legally defined to include three generations of relatives.
B) Family life grew to include extended family members, like cousins, aunts, and uncles.
C) Family life was defined in terms of the nuclear unit of mother, father, and children.
D) Family life shrank to include only one child per family.

Accepted Answer

Family life during the industrial revolution was defined as the nuclear unit consisting of parents and their children. The shift from the agrarian society to an urbanized and industrialized society led to smaller family sizes and a greater focus on the immediate family unit. The extended family structure was not as prevalent during this time.

Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 17

According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth?​
A) The superego
B) The id
C) The ego
D) The archetype

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the id, which is the most primitive and instinctual aspect of our personality, is present within us from birth. The superego develops later on as we internalize societal expectations and values, and the ego works to balance the competing demands of the id and superego. The archetype is a concept from Jungian psychology and is not directly related to Freud's theory.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of Freud's legacy for future thinkers?​
A) His focus on the scientific method has led to stronger ways of studying human development.
B) His emphasis on evolutionary changes has led to further research on behavioral changes in each generation.
C) His focus on the importance of genetics has led to modern researchers understanding how genetics and environment intersect.
D) His emphasis on the emotional needs of children has influenced how educators understand children's behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Freud's legacy has influenced educators' understanding of children's behaviors. His emphasis on the emotional needs of children has led to the importance of addressing emotional and social development in early childhood education and care.

Question 19

Which of the following is an advantage of Erikson's psychosocial theory?​
A) It reinforces the importance of unconscious forces in human development.
B) It emphasizes the importance of human consciousness and choice.
C) It explains to what extent human behavior is a product of evolutionary change.
D) It suggests that childhood experiences could easily be overcome as we develop in our lives.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory emphasizes the importance of conscious decision-making in human development, which is an advantage over theories that only focus on unconscious forces.

Question 20

Differentiate between John Locke's writing and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings.
A) While Locke argued that children are inherently good, Rousseau argued that children were innately evil.
B) While Locke focused on the role of the environment, Rousseau focused on the expression of natural impulses.
C) While Locke believed that children should be treated as property and servants, Rousseau believed that children should be treated with respect and care.
D) While Locke believed in the traditional views of developmental psychology, Rousseau believed in the modern views of developmental psychology.

Accepted Answer

John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings differ in their focus on the role of environment versus natural impulses. Locke believed that the environment shaped individuals, while Rousseau believed that natural impulses should be expressed and allowed to guide development. None of the other choices accurately reflect the differences between these two thinkers.

Quiz 1: History, Theories, and Methods

Which of the following is a similarity between John Watson's school of behaviorism and John Locke's concept of tabula rasa?

Which of the following is true of fixation in the oral stage?​

The idea of childhood as a special time of life:

Natalia is a grown woman who still sucks her thumb. Her co-workers notice her behavior but are too polite to mention it. According to Freud, Natalia is fixated at the _____ of development.

Which of the following factors plays a role in fixation during the anal stage of development?​

Which of the following is true of children in the 20th century?

Which of the following perspectives of child development is Arnold Gesell credited with?

The purpose of the first standardized intelligence test was to:

Which of the following is a similarity between Freud's and Erikson's psychoanalytic theories?​

John Locke is most likely to agree with the fact that:

Which of the following is true of the ego according to Freud?​

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as _____.

According to Erikson, which of the following is true of early experiences?​

The psychosexual theory of development is similar to the psychosocial theory of development in that:​

Which of the following is true of family life during the industrial revolution?

According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth?​

Which of the following is true of Freud's legacy for future thinkers?​

Which of the following is an advantage of Erikson's psychosocial theory?​

Differentiate between John Locke's writing and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings.

Which of the following is true of fixation in the oral stage?

Which of the following factors plays a role in fixation during the anal stage of development?

Which of the following is a similarity between Freud's and Erikson's psychoanalytic theories?

Which of the following is true of the ego according to Freud?

According to Erikson, which of the following is true of early experiences?

The psychosexual theory of development is similar to the psychosocial theory of development in that:

According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth?

Which of the following is true of Freud's legacy for future thinkers?

Which of the following is an advantage of Erikson's psychosocial theory?