Question 1

Positive intergroup contact can effectively reduce prejudice through ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Positive intergroup contact can effectively reduce prejudice...

Question 2

What does the text suggest about the accuracy of common stereotypes-do they seem to contain a kernel of truth?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does the text suggest about the...

Question 3

Considering all the different stereotypes that people hold of different groups, are most stereotypes positive, negative, or neutral?

Accepted Answer

Research shows that most stereotypes are negative. One explanation for this is the negativity bias, which suggests that negative information tends to be more salient and memorable than positive information. Additionally, stereotypes may develop as a way to justify the unequal treatment of certain groups or to reinforce power dynamics, which could contribute to negative portrayals.

Question 4

Which of the following statements would be strongly endorsed by a person who measures high on hostile sexism?

Accepted Answer

A person who measures high on hostile sexism typically holds negative and hostile attitudes towards women, believing that women are inferior to men, and that they try to control men. Therefore, the statement "Once a woman gets a man, she usually tries to put him on a tight leash" is likely to be strongly endorsed by someone who measures high on hostile sexism. Choice B may be endorsed by someone who measures high on benevolent sexism, which is a different type of sexism. Choices C and D do not necessarily reflect hostile sexism.

Question 5

Research has shown that benevolent sexism is ____ for women's cognitive performance than hostile sexism.

Accepted Answer

Benevolent sexism is still a form of sexism that reinforces gender stereotypes and restricts women's opportunities. Therefore, it can affect women's cognitive performance negatively, but it may not be as overtly harmful as hostile sexism. Hostile sexism is characterized by explicitly derogatory and hostile attitudes towards women, which can create a hostile work or study environment, induce stress and impair women's cognitive functioning.

Question 6

The term "salience" is best defined as ____.

Accepted Answer

Salience refers to the quality of being prominent or significant, which is closely related to obviousness.

Question 7

If something is said to be "salient," then it ____.

Accepted Answer

Salient means prominent or noticeable, so the best choice is B, which states that salient things "stand out and are noticeable or memorable."

Question 8

Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation?

Accepted Answer

Salience refers to the degree to which something stands out and captures our attention. Research has shown that salience can be a sufficient factor for the formation of stereotypes, even in the absence of emotional or motivational forces or first-hand interactions. Therefore, choice A is the best summary of the relationship between salience and stereotype formation.

Question 9

Rationalization of oppression is an explanation for prejudice that focuses on prejudice and stereotyping as tools to ____.

Accepted Answer

Rationalization of oppression suggests that prejudice and stereotyping are used to justify and maintain the power of the dominant group over subordinate groups. This serves to protect the political and economic interests of the powerful group.

Question 10

Research on prejudice and self-esteem suggests that ____.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that people may hold prejudices, in part, because doing so bolsters their self-esteem. Holding prejudiced attitudes can make people feel better about themselves in comparison to the targeted group. However, engaging in prejudice can also lead to feelings of guilt and shame, ultimately lowering self-esteem.

Question 11

The so-called "discontinuity effect" is lessened when ____.

Accepted Answer

The discontinuity effect refers to the phenomenon where intergroup conflict is greater than inter-individual conflict. This effect is lessened when individual group members are identifiable. When individuals are identifiable, they are more likely to see each other as individuals rather than representatives of their group, which can decrease the level of intergroup conflict. Preexisting animosity between the groups (A), the group size (B), and individual identification with their group (C) may not have a significant impact on the discontinuity effect.

Question 12

It would be most accurate to say that the majority of stereotypes are ____ and, the majority of stereotypes, when scrutinized, turn out to be ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of It would be most accurate to say...

Question 13

Mark is a Southern gentleman. He always stands up when a woman enters the room and offers her his chair. He is quick to get the doors for his female companions, and he always pays when they go out. Mark probably scores high on ____.

Accepted Answer

Mark's behavior exhibits characteristics of benevolent sexism, which is a form of sexist attitudes that presents women as weak and in need of men's protection or special treatment. This is commonly manifested through acts of chivalry, like opening doors or pulling out chairs for women, as well as paying for their meals or drinks. Therefore, Mark's behavior of standing up or offering his chair to women demonstrates his inclination towards benevolent sexism.

Question 14

As discussed in the textbook, people are most likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on ____.

Accepted Answer

People are most likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup. This is because the ingroup often has more social influence and authority over individuals, leading them to accept and adopt the stereotypes propagated by the ingroup. First-hand knowledge of the outgroup or other outgroups may challenge or contradict these stereotypes, while the assumption that the outgroup is just like the ingroup is less common and may not apply to all outgroups.

Question 15

Research suggests that stereotyping ____.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that stereotyping allows people to save mental energy and enables them to process information more quickly. This is because stereotypes are mental shortcuts that allow individuals to quickly categorize people or situations based on their preconceived notions or expectations. However, it is important to note that stereotyping can also lead to inaccurate or biased judgments about individuals or groups.

Question 16

The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

The contact hypothesis suggests that regular interactions among members of different groups can reduce prejudice, as long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, such as equal status, cooperation towards a common goal, and social norms of equality. Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from competition over scarce resources. The acquaintance potential effect is the tendency to like someone more the more you get to know them. The perspective hypothesis suggests that role-taking (imagining oneself in another person's shoes) can reduce prejudice.

Question 17

Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is an "evening person." Which of the following will probably be true regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

Fred, being a morning person, is likely to experience cognitive fatigue later in the day, which can lead to increased reliance on stereotypes.

Question 18

At about what age do children begin to judge others based on race?

Accepted Answer

The answer of At about what age do children begin...

Question 19

Suppose that Jose was born and raised in Mexico, and that-even though he has never been to the U.S.-he holds a number of stereotypes about Americans. According to the text, these stereotypes are most likely based on ____.

Accepted Answer

The text states that Jose's stereotypes are most likely based on "what he has heard about Americans from other Mexicans."

Question 20

Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

The discontinuity effect refers to the phenomenon where intergroup conflicts tend to be more extreme and hostile than interpersonal conflicts, often leading to more aggressive or competitive behaviors between groups than between individuals.

Quiz 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations