Question 1

Research has shown that children are less likely to steal Halloween candy if there is a big mirror in front of them than if there is no mirror. This finding illustrates the fact that ____.
A) the looking-glass self is similar to public self-consciousness
B) the looking-glass self invokes the generalized other
C) high self-awareness tends to increase moral behavior
D) moral behavior is primarily guided by the conscious part of the duplex mind

Accepted Answer

The fact that children are less likely to steal Halloween candy when there is a big mirror in front of them suggests that high self-awareness tends to increase moral behavior. When people are more self-aware, they are more likely to reflect on their actions and consider their impact on others, which can lead to greater moral behavior. The looking-glass self and the concept of the generalized other are more related to the development of self-concept and identity, rather than moral behavior. The conscious part of the duplex mind (referring to the dual process theory of moral decision-making) is responsible for more deliberate and reasoned moral judgments, but this does not explain the finding that a mirror can influence behavior.

Question 2

In the 1980s, there was an anti-drug television commercial that showed a businessman in a seedy public restroom getting prepared to snort cocaine. The man drops the cocaine on the floor and needs to bend down to try to retrieve it. He then catches a glimpse of himself in the restroom mirror, and appears-having seen himself in this act-to feel suddenly shocked by himself, and ashamed of what he is doing. Seeing himself in the mirror seems to heighten the man's ____.
A) interdependent self-construal
B) self-presentation
C) self-awareness
D) independent self-construal

Accepted Answer

Seeing himself in the mirror seems to heighten the man's self-awareness, making him more conscious of his behavior and how it may be perceived by others.

Question 3

The process by which one monitors, controls, and modifies the self is known as ____.
A) self-referencing
B) self-regulation
C) the working self-concept
D) public self-consciousness

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation refers to the process by which individuals monitor, control, and modify their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to achieve personal goals and meet social expectations. It involves setting goals, monitoring progress, and making adjustments as necessary in order to succeed. Self-regulation is critical for success in many areas of life, including academics, work, and personal relationships.

Question 4

Drinking alcohol and using drugs are common means that people use to escape ____.
A) the duplex mind
B) the phenomenal self (working self-concept)
C) self-awareness
D) the self-enhancement motive

Accepted Answer

Drinking alcohol and using drugs are commonly used as a means to escape self-awareness, which can include uncomfortable emotions, negative thoughts, and self-doubt. People may use these substances to numb themselves and avoid confronting their problems or facing reality. The other options listed are not directly related to the urge to escape through substance use.

Question 5

____ tends to make people more aware of positive, culturally desirable standards and tends to make them try harder to behave in positive, culturally desirable ways.
A) Basking in reflected glory
B) The over-justification effect
C) The self-reference effect
D) Self-awareness

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness tends to make people more conscious of their behavior and actions, and they tend to align their behavior with positive, culturally desirable standards to match their self-concept. This phenomenon is called self-monitoring, where individuals adjust their behavior to meet the demands of the social situation.

Question 6

In the television series Dexter, blood spatter evidence expert and serial killer Dexter has public roles of forensic technician, brother, husband and father. These roles correspond to Dexter's ____.
A) self knowledge
B) interpersonal self
C) agent self
D) true self

Accepted Answer

These roles correspond to Dexter's interpersonal self, which involves the roles and identities he presents in social contexts and relationships.

Question 7

Suppose that Ted and Ed are both very high in public self-awareness. This means that they tend to ____.
A) pay a lot of attention to how they are perceived by others, and what others might think of them
B) see themselves in the same way that other people see them (i.e., their self-perceptions tend to be in line with the perceptions that other people have of them)
C) think that they are generally better than other people
D) become nervous and uncomfortable in social situations

Accepted Answer

High public self-awareness means paying attention to how one is perceived by others and being aware of how others might view them. It does not necessarily mean that one sees themselves in the same way that others see them (choice B), thinks they are better than others (choice C), or becomes nervous in social situations (choice D).

Question 8

Self-awareness is typically ____ because people tend to ____.
A) pleasant; compare themselves against low standards
B) unpleasant; compare themselves against high standards
C) pleasant; not compare themselves against any standards
D) unpleasant; not compare themselves against any standards

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness can be unpleasant because people tend to compare themselves against high standards, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy or disappointment. High standards may be set by oneself or by society, and the pressure to meet them can be overwhelming.

Question 9

When they are not keeping track of how much they are eating (e.g., when they are intoxicated or emotionally absorbed in a television show), ____.
A) both dieters and non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise
B) dieters eat more than they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat the same as they would otherwise
C) dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise
D) both dieters and non-dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that when people are not actively monitoring how much they eat, such as when they are distracted or under the influence of alcohol, they tend to overeat regardless of whether they are dieters or non-dieters. Therefore, both groups tend to consume more than they would otherwise.

Question 10

Social psychologists generally refer to two types of self-awareness: ____.
A) independent self-awareness and interdependent self-awareness
B) intrinsic self-awareness and extrinsic self-awareness
C) public self-awareness and private self-awareness
D) interpersonal self-awareness and agentic self-awareness

Accepted Answer

Social psychologists generally refer to two types of self-awareness: public self-awareness (awareness of how we appear to others) and private self-awareness (introspection, awareness of our own thoughts and feelings).

Question 11

Jeff is 64 and facing mandatory retirement. As he considers his future, he thinks about how he has mentored new co-workers the way he was once mentored and how co-workers often come to him for advice and to share their triumphs. He thinks about how his work friendships have often become mutually supportive personal friendships and he wonders how those relationships will change when he retires. Jeff has a(n) ____ self-construal.
A) role-based
B) independent
C) functional
D) interdependent

Accepted Answer

Jeff's consideration of his relationships with co-workers and how they may change in retirement suggests that he has an interdependent self-construal, meaning that he sees himself as closely connected to others and defines himself in part by his social relationships. This is in contrast to an independent self-construal, where the individual sees themselves as separate from others and defines themselves through their individual accomplishments and characteristics.

Question 12

Recent Supreme Court decisions related to marriage equality have done little to decrease the debate about the "true" meaning of marriage. A culture that emphasizes public behavior and commitments is likely to ____.
A) deemphasize the legal significance of marriage
B) celebrate the love that leads to marriage
C) accept changes in feelings as a reason for divorce
D) focus on the role performance of spouses

Accepted Answer

A culture that emphasizes public behavior and commitments is likely to focus on the role performance of spouses, as it values the outward demonstration of fulfilling marital roles and responsibilities.

Question 13

Dexter, the television serial killer who is also a blood spatter evidence expert, devotes a great deal of effort to controlling himself and to controlling his victims. In terms of the three components of the self, this reflects Dexter's ____.
A) self knowledge
B) interpersonal self
C) agent self
D) true self

Accepted Answer

Dexter's ability to control himself and his victims reflects his agent self, which involves his ability to regulate and direct his behavior according to standards and goals. Dexter's control over his actions is a manifestation of his strong agent self.

Question 14

After several politicians made comments about "legitimate" rape and even argued that, when it resulted in the birth of a child, rape could have positive outcomes, many wondered if the politicians had any idea how others perceived them and the statements they made. In social psychological terms, their ____ self-awareness was questioned.
A) interpersonal
B) public
C) private
D) intrapersonal

Accepted Answer

Public self-awareness refers to the awareness of how one is perceived by others, which is relevant when considering how politicians' statements are viewed by the public.

Question 15

The notion of private self-awareness is similar to the idea(s) of ____.
A) the self-enhancement motivation
B) self-knowledge and introspection
C) implicit or nonconscious thoughts
D) nervousness or self-consciousness

Accepted Answer

Private self-awareness refers to an individual's ability to reflect inwardly and gain insight into their own thoughts and feelings. This aligns with the ideas of self-knowledge and introspection, as individuals focus on gaining a deeper understanding of themselves through introspective thought and reflection. The other options do not fully align with the concept of private self-awareness, as they focus on different aspects such as motivation, implicit thoughts, and nervousness.

Question 16

Nearly all children start talking about standards at age ____, which is the age at which ____.
A) one; they first learn to speak
B) two; self-awareness blossoms
C) five to six; they begin to form a clear gender identity
D) eleven to twelve; puberty usually sets in

Accepted Answer

According to developmental psychologists, self-awareness typically begins to develop around age two, which is when children also start to use language to label themselves and others. This is the earliest age at which children may begin to recognize and adhere to social standards.

Question 17

Increasing self-awareness tends to make people ____.
A) behave in ways that are more consistent with their attitudes
B) engage in the over-justification effect
C) decrease their normal level of self-regulation
D) feel devalued

Accepted Answer

Increasing self-awareness tends to make people more conscious of their attitudes and values, which can lead to more consistent behavior with those attitudes and values.

Question 18

Suppose that you are a research participant in a study, and a researcher asks you to work on a puzzle while sitting in front of a mirror. He also mentions that your performance will be videotaped. Given these two pieces of information, you would be wise to suspect that the researcher is trying to increase ____.
A) the self-reference effect
B) self-awareness
C) interdependent self-construal
D) the consistency motive

Accepted Answer

Asking the research participant to work on a puzzle while sitting in front of a mirror and mentioning that their performance will be videotaped indicates that the researcher is trying to increase self-awareness. The mirror will reflect back their behavior, and being videotaped will make them more conscious of their actions, leading to increased self-awareness.

Question 19

Jonah, a 19-year-old college sophomore has mild autism spectrum disorder and is acutely aware of the ways in which he is different from others socially, emotionally and intellectually. Jonah has a(n) ____ self-construal.
A) interdependent
B) pathology-based
C) role-based
D) independent

Accepted Answer

Based on the information given, Jonah has a strong awareness of his own individuality, which is indicative of an independent self-construal. An interdependent self-construal would suggest a greater focus on relationships and group dynamics, while a pathology-based self-construal focuses on limitations and deficits rather than strengths and abilities. Role-based self-construals emphasize social roles and expectations.

Question 20

The television series Dexter features a blood spatter evidence expert who is also a serial killer of individuals who kill others but escape justice. The show often begins and ends with voice-overs of Dexter reflecting on who he is and what his characteristics are. In terms of the three components of the self, Dexter is reflecting on ____.
A) self-knowledge
B) interpersonal self
C) agent self
D) true self

Accepted Answer

Dexter's reflections on himself relate to self-knowledge, as he is exploring his own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to better understand himself. The other options are not as appropriate, as Dexter's reflections are not focused on his relationships with others (interpersonal self), his ability to take action (agent self), or his innate nature (true self).

Quiz 3: The Self

Research has shown that children are less likely to steal Halloween candy if there is a big mirror in front of them than if there is no mirror. This finding illustrates the fact that ____.

The process by which one monitors, controls, and modifies the self is known as ____.

Drinking alcohol and using drugs are common means that people use to escape ____.

____ tends to make people more aware of positive, culturally desirable standards and tends to make them try harder to behave in positive, culturally desirable ways.

In the television series Dexter, blood spatter evidence expert and serial killer Dexter has public roles of forensic technician, brother, husband and father. These roles correspond to Dexter's ____.

Suppose that Ted and Ed are both very high in public self-awareness. This means that they tend to ____.

Self-awareness is typically because people tend to .

When they are not keeping track of how much they are eating (e.g., when they are intoxicated or emotionally absorbed in a television show) , ____.

Social psychologists generally refer to two types of self-awareness: ____.

Recent Supreme Court decisions related to marriage equality have done little to decrease the debate about the "true" meaning of marriage. A culture that emphasizes public behavior and commitments is likely to ____.

Dexter, the television serial killer who is also a blood spatter evidence expert, devotes a great deal of effort to controlling himself and to controlling his victims. In terms of the three components of the self, this reflects Dexter's ____.

The notion of private self-awareness is similar to the idea(s) of ____.

Nearly all children start talking about standards at age , which is the age at which .

Increasing self-awareness tends to make people ____.

Jonah, a 19-year-old college sophomore has mild autism spectrum disorder and is acutely aware of the ways in which he is different from others socially, emotionally and intellectually. Jonah has a(n) ____ self-construal.