Question 1

Researchers suggest a mediating role between the later development of schizophrenia and

Accepted Answer

Researchers have suggested that delivery complications could be a factor,playing a mediating role between prenatal influenza exposure and later development of schizophrenia.Prenatal radiation exposure is not a suggested mediator in the development of schizophrenia.The development of later schizophrenia is not suggested to be associated with childhood vaccinations.It is not suggested that childhood chickenpox is related to the development of schizophrenia.

Question 2

The usual age of onset for schizophrenia in men is

Accepted Answer

The most common age of onset and diagnosis is between 15 and 25 years for men.Women are typically diagnosed between 25 and 35 years.Most persons first diagnosed with schizophrenia are between the ages of 15 and 54 years.The usual age of onset of schizophrenia occurs before the age of 25.

Question 3

In youth,it is estimated that ____ will be diagnosed with serious mental illness between the ages of 13 and 18 years.

Accepted Answer

In youth,46.3% will be diagnosed with serious mental illness between the ages of 13 and 18 years.In the United States today,approximately 5% of all adults meet criteria for serious mental illness.26.2% of the U.S.adult population will have experienced an SMI in the previous year.75% of youth are not diagnosed with serious mental illness.

Question 4

Lithium is used to manage mania because it

Accepted Answer

The management of mania is accomplished with the use of lithium because it inhibits the action of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain.Mania is not managed with the use of a CNS sedative.The mechanism of lithium is not related to a conversion of catecholamine in the brain.Lithium does not have a mechanism of action where D₂ receptors in the brain are blocked.

Question 5

The assessment of a client recently diagnosed with schizophrenia confirms good cognitive function and reveals affect that is animated.The client is open about describing the voices and the content of their comments,but demonstrates a disorganized thought process.These findings suggest that

Accepted Answer

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include the psychotic dimension and distortions of thought and perception,as well as the disorganization dimension.Auditory hallucinations are commonly experienced as voices.Negative symptoms are considered to be restricted affect,or asociality.The patient in this scenario does not appear to be at high risk for suicidal behaviors.The findings suggested do not indicate that the patient has ineffective drug therapy.

Question 6

It is true that the "negative" symptoms of schizophrenia

Accepted Answer

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be associated with dopamine D₁ receptor activity in the brain.Negative symptoms can be more difficult to recognize than positive symptoms.Rambling speech and delusional thoughts are positive symptoms.The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to result from excessive dopamine D₂ receptor activity in the brain.

Question 7

Which manifestation is characteristic of the "positive" symptoms of schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Positive symptoms include the psychotic dimension,or distortions in thought content (delusions)and perception (hallucinations),as well as the disorganization dimension,or disorganization in speech and behavior.Asociality is considered a negative symptom.Flat affect is considered to be a cognitive symptom.Lack of speech is not considered to be a positive symptom of schizophrenia.

Question 8

Drugs that inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin may be helpful in the management of

Accepted Answer

The management of major depressive disorder is aimed at increasing norepinephrine and serotonin activity in the brain.The goal of therapy in the management of schizophrenia is to alleviate some of the negative symptoms by blocking D₁ receptors.Drugs that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin are not useful in managing panic attacks.Delusional disorder is not managed with drugs that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin.

Question 9

A mild form of hyperactivity in which social functioning is not significantly impaired is called

Accepted Answer

The individual experiencing hypomania has a sudden onset of increased energy,expanded self-esteem,and decreased anxiety; these typically are reported to have improved his or her productivity and are experienced as an acceptable natural high.Anhedonia is a loss of pleasure.Dysphoria is not a condition in which social functioning is not impaired.Depression with one or two symptoms that last 2 years or more is commonly referred to as dysthymia.

Question 10

The action of most antidepressants currently available is to

Accepted Answer

Most currently available antidepressants act by improving brain norepinephrine and serotonin activity.Earlier generations of antidepressants had less specific effects on these neurotransmitters and significantly more side effects.The action of antidepressants is unrelated to conversion of catecholamines in the brain.D₂ receptors in the brain are not blocked by antidepressants.

Question 11

Schizophrenia is characterized by

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia is now correctly understood as a split or separation among normally well-synchronized brain functions.This loss of synchronized brain functioning leads to thoughts,behaviors,and feelings that are disordered,disorganized,and disconnected from reality.Generalized anxiety and eating disorders are not associated with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia is not characterized by depression.

Question 12

The symptoms of hallucinations and paranoia that accompany schizophrenia are thought to be as result of altered neurotransmitter activity in the brain,which results in excessive ________ receptor activation.

Accepted Answer

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to result from excessive dopamine D₂ receptor activity in the brain.Depression is thought to be related to decreases in serotonin.Hallucinations and paranoia that accompany schizophrenia are not the result on excessive a-adrenergic receptor activation.Excessive acetylcholine receptor activation is not the cause of hallucinations or paranoia.

Question 13

Depression is thought to be associated with

Accepted Answer

Depression is thought to occur when serotonin and norepinephrine activity in the brain is low.Depression is not associated with abnormal personality development.Early childhood emotional trauma is not necessarily associated with depression.Symptoms associated with schizophrenia are thought to be related to dopamine receptors.

Question 14

________ is a term used to describe a serious and debilitating mental state.

Accepted Answer

Psychosis is a term used to describe a serious and debilitating mental state.The narrowest definition refers to delusions and prominent hallucinations.Schizophrenia refers to a chronic,remitting,and relapsing psychotic disorder.Major depressive disorder involves a complex diagnosis which encompasses depression symptoms.Dysthymia is associated with long-term depression.

Question 15

A client who reported hearing voices,some of them saying bad and hurtful things,will now eat only food from unopened sealed packages.The behaviors described indicate that the patient may be experiencing _____ symptoms.

Accepted Answer

Psychosis associated with MDD is thought to result from extreme symptoms of a prolonged duration.Auditory hallucinations,delusions,and disorganization may become prominent symptoms.Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurring symptoms of depression and elation.Obsessive-compulsive disorder is not typically evidenced by withdrawn behavior or auditory hallucinations.Withdrawn behavior and auditory hallucinations are symptoms of psychosis.

Question 16

Mania and depression are both characterized by

Accepted Answer

Depression is manifested by reduced decision making capacity and mania is manifested by an inability to concentrate.High energy and hyperactivity is seen in mania only.Depression is manifested by poor appetite,whereas mania is associated with an increased appetite.Hopelessness is associated with depression.

Question 17

Which statement is true about the incidence of mental illness?

Accepted Answer

Women are more than twice as likely to suffer from depression (including unipolar depression,dysthymia)and anxiety disorders (including panic disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder,generalized anxiety disorder,social anxiety,and phobias)than men.There are known differences in how cultures and regions around the world view mental health,and thus in how they express concerns about the body,self,and emotions.Reproductive hormones may play a role in exacerbating anxiety and depression in women.Mood disorders in the elderly are likely to be associated with concomitant illnesses or treatment.

Question 18

Drug therapy with a dopamine receptor antagonist is initiated to manage a patient's symptoms of schizophrenia.The goal of treatment is to

Accepted Answer

The aim for effective antipsychotic medication is to stabilize,rather than reduce,dopamine activity.The newest medications show greater affinity for serotonin receptors (negative symptoms)and moderate affinity for dopamine and norepinephrine receptors (positive symptoms).

Question 19

The schizophrenia category which indicates that the disturbance has continued but the active-phase symptoms are no longer met is the _____ Type.

Accepted Answer

The Residual Type indicates that the disturbance has continued but the active-phase symptoms are no longer met.The Undifferentiated Type is essentially a catch-all category where the individual does not meet criteria for any of the other subtypes.The Paranoid and Disorganized Types are the least severe (in that order).The Paranoid and Disorganized Types are the least severe (in that order).

Question 20

Childlike silliness in a patient with schizophrenia is known as

Accepted Answer

Grossly disorganized behavior can range from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation,and impairs tasks of daily living.Delusions,or systematic,fixed,false beliefs,usually involve themes of persecution,REF,somatization,religiosity,or grandiosity.Disorganized thinking is usually evaluated by an individual's speech,and is frequently characterized by frequent derailment or loose associations,invented words,tangential idea,and,when most severe,incomprehensible speech.Asociality is a negative symptom of schizophrenia.

Quiz 48: Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses