Question 1

In expectancy theory,what is the term for the perceived relationship between performance and rewards?

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality refers to the perceived relationship between performance and rewards, which can impact an individual's motivation to work harder and perform better. Valence refers to the value an individual places on a particular reward, while expectancy pertains to the belief that increased effort will lead to improved performance. Reciprocity is not a term commonly associated with expectancy theory.

Question 2

The city of Cairo has the world's greatest collection of Islamic buildings and statues.It would seem an ideal location for Muslim tourists,but unfortunately,preservation activities have been inadequate and often more destructive than constructive.Imagine that the Egyptian government is instituting a marketing campaign to motivate tourists to spend their vacation dollars in Cairo.Imagine tourists visiting Cairo are being motivated to never visit there again due to the fact that every old building they saw seemed more likely to cave in than the last one they had seen.What would occur in terms of motivational theory?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is the process of changing behaviour by changing the consequences that follow behaviour.

Question 3

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations,engineering students consider the improvement of teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process.What is the degree of motivation to fill out a teaching evaluation form if the engineering students believe their efforts will lead to better teaching?

Accepted Answer

Valence is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome,in this case,better instruction.

Question 4

Driving in heavy traffic makes Hal anxious and sometimes angry.He leaves home earlier than usual one morning and doesn't run into heavy traffic.He leaves home earlier again the next morning,and again he avoids heavy traffic.His behaviour of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic.What kind of reinforcement has occurred?

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviour by withholding an unpleasant consequence when performing a specific behaviour.

Question 5

On the television series Lost,a group of survivors sincerely believed that if they built a raft,they could float on it out into a shipping lane and be rescued.In terms of expectancy theory,what was the raft builders' mindset?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

Question 6

The city of Cairo has the world's greatest collection of Islamic buildings and statues.It would seem an ideal location for Muslim tourists,but unfortunately,preservation activities have been inadequate and often more destructive than constructive.Imagine that the Egyptian government is instituting a marketing campaign to motivate tourists to spend their vacation dollars in Cairo.What is the degree of motivation the buildings and statues in the city will have in attracting Muslim tourists who want to learn more about their heritage?

Accepted Answer

Valence is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome.

Question 7

According to expectancy theory,which of the following must be high in order for people to be highly motivated?

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

Question 8

Users of GM MasterCards earn money toward the purchase of a new General Motors car or truck every time they use this credit card to make purchases.The rebate increases the more times the credit card is used.Which of the following is GM using?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement strengthens behaviours by following behaviours with desirable consequences.

Question 9

What are the primary ways for creating reinforcement contingencies in organizations?

Accepted Answer

The primary ways for creating reinforcement contingencies in organizations are extrinsic rewards (such as pay raises, bonuses, promotions, etc.) and the schedules of reinforcement (such as fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules). These contingencies help to ensure that desired behaviors are rewarded, increasing the likelihood of them being repeated in the future. Other factors, such as perceptions of equity and reward desirability, can also contribute to reinforcement contingencies but are not considered the primary ways. Situational motivators may be a factor in the creation of reinforcement contingencies but are not as significant as extrinsic rewards and schedules of reinforcement.

Question 10

In expectancy theory,what is the term for the perceived relationship between effort and performance?

Accepted Answer

The term for the perceived relationship between effort and performance in expectancy theory is expectancy. Valence refers to the value an individual places on a particular outcome, equity refers to the perception of fairness in the distribution of outcomes, and synergy refers to the combined effort of multiple individuals leading to greater efficiency and productivity.

Question 11

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations,engineering students consider the improvement of teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process.In terms of expectancy theory,what is the term for the likelihood that students feel their inputs on the evaluations will lead directly to improved instruction?

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards

Question 12

Which of the following is a type of reinforcement contingency?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement contingency refers to the consequence that follows a behavior to increase or decrease the probability of that behavior being repeated. Punishment is a type of reinforcement contingency that reduces the probability of the behavior being repeated by providing an unpleasant consequence. Teamwork, under-reward, and over-reward are not types of reinforcement contingencies.

Question 13

What is the process of changing behaviour by changing the consequences that follow behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The process of changing behaviour by changing the consequences that follow behaviour is known as reinforcement. This involves increasing the likelihood of a behaviour by rewarding it with something positive, or decreasing the likelihood of a behaviour by punishing it with something negative.

Question 14

Which of the following strengthens behaviour-that is,increases its frequency?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement uses desirable consequences,and negative reinforcement withholds undesirable consequences.

Question 15

According to expectancy theory,which of the following affects the conscious choices that people make about their motivation?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory proposes that people are motivated based on three factors: valence (the value someone places on the outcome of an action), expectancy (the belief that their efforts will lead to a desired outcome), and instrumentality (the belief that the desired outcome is connected to their actions). These factors influence the conscious choices that people make regarding their motivation. Therefore, the correct answer is B, which includes all three of these factors.

Question 16

What is the term for the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviour and specific consequences?

Accepted Answer

The term for the cause-and-effect relationship between the performance of specific behavior and specific consequences is reinforcement contingencies. This refers to the specific conditions that must be met in order for a behavior to be reinforced or punished. It includes the relationship between the behavior, the consequence, and the context in which the behavior occurs. Reinforcement schedules refer to the timing and consistency of reinforcement, while consequences of reinforcement is a broader term that encompasses the positive and negative outcomes of engaging in a behavior. Reinforcement temporality effects is not a commonly used term in psychology.

Question 17

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations,students' motivation to participate is significantly affected by their expectation that they will provide meaningful feedback.In other words,if they are going to expend the thought and effort to fill out evaluation forms,these questions apply: (1)Is the form designed to gather meaningful information? (2)Do the students have enough information to form a meaningful opinion about the instruction? What are these students concerned with?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

Question 18

How can managers use expectancy theory to motivate employees?

Accepted Answer

Because expectancy theory assumes that individual profiles vary and that individuals are motivated on the basis of their perceptions of linkage between effort,performance,and outcomes,it is essential for managers to better understand employee need profiles.

Question 19

According to reinforcement theory,what is behaviour a function of?

Accepted Answer

According to reinforcement theory, behavior is a function of its consequences. This means that the behavior is more likely to be repeated if it is followed by positive consequences (rewards), and less likely to be repeated if it is followed by negative consequences (punishments). The other choices (A, B, and D) can all have an impact on behavior, but they are not the primary focus of reinforcement theory.

Question 20

What are the two parts of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the two parts of reinforcement?
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Quiz 13: Motivation