Question 1

When categorization occurs,people usually (although not always)assume
A)the ingroup is homogeneous and the outgroup is heterogeneous.
B)the ingroup is heterogeneous and the outgroup is homogeneous.
C)both groups are homogeneous.
D)both groups are heterogeneous.

Accepted Answer

Categorization often leads to the perception that the ingroup (one's own group) is diverse and complex (heterogeneous), while the outgroup (those not in one's own group) is seen as more similar or alike (homogeneous). This is a common cognitive bias known as the outgroup homogeneity effect.

Question 2

The members of the minimal groups Tajfel and Turner created to study social categorization processes
A)were usually good friends.
B)disliked one another prior to the study's start.
C)interacted intensively before distributing the money.
D)knew practically nothing about of the other members of their group.
E)were told that the members of the outgroup were "bad" and undeserving.

Accepted Answer

The minimal groups created by Tajfel and Turner were purposely designed so that the individuals knew very little about each other. The purpose was to minimize any pre-existing biases and to study the effects of social categorization on intergroup behavior.

Question 3

Which of the following is more likely?
A)When an outgroup member behaves heroically,Ed says "that is just the kind of people they are."
B)When an outgroup member robs a bank,Eds says "times are hard,aren't they?"
C)When an ingroup member steals,Ed says "He took some money from someone else."
D)When Ed sees an outgroup member sporting an unusual tattoo,Ed says "what a weird dude."
E)When an outgroup member steals,Ed says "I thought those people were honest."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is more likely?
A)When...

Question 4

The Implicit Association Test (IAT)developed by Greenwald measures ingroup-outgroup bias by
A)asking individuals to report their attitudes toward fictitious groups.
B)watching individuals as they interact with the members of other groups.
C)measuring the tendency to associate the ingroup with positive concepts and the outgroup with negative ones.
D)measuring heart rate and blood pressure when shown images of the outgroup.
E)using fMRI methods that chart the activation of positive and negative areas of the brain.

Accepted Answer

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures ingroup-outgroup bias by measuring the tendency to associate the ingroup with positive concepts and the outgroup with negative ones. This is done by having participants rapidly categorize stimuli (e.g., words or images) as either ingroup or outgroup while also categorizing positive or negative words. The speed and accuracy of these categorizations are used to infer implicit biases.

Question 5

___ theory suggests that prejudice is an instinctive,biologically adaptive aspect of human existence that will be difficult to ever eliminate.
A)Scapegoat
B)Social identity
C)Evolutionary
D)Normative
E)Realistic group conflict

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theory suggests that prejudice may have developed as an adaptive response to differentiate between in-group and out-group members, ultimately favoring the in-group's survival. If this is the case, it may be difficult to completely eliminate prejudices because they are rooted in biology and evolutionary history.

Question 6

Jeremy went on a summer vacation to Europe and stayed in Paris for one night.He took a taxi to his hotel and felt that the driver was extremely rude.Upon his return,a friend of Jeremy's asked him how the people in Europe were,and Jeremy responded that everyone in France is rude.Jeremy has fallen prey to the
A)extremity bias.
B)group attribution error.
C)ingroup differentiation bias.
D)law of small numbers.
E)outgroup heterogeneity bias.

Accepted Answer

Jeremy's conclusion about all people in France being rude based on a single experience with one taxi driver is an example of the law of small numbers, where he makes a generalization from a small sample size.

Question 7

The ___ bias is the tendency for us to believe that individuals in another group are very similar to one another.
A)extremity
B)group attribution
C)ingroup differentiation
D)law of small numbers
E)outgroup homogeneity

Accepted Answer

Outgroup homogeneity bias is the tendency for people to view members of an outgroup as being more similar to each other than members of the ingroup. This phenomenon can lead to stereotyping and prejudice against individuals of the outgroup based on the actions or characteristics of a few members.

Question 8

Stereotypes
A)are widely adopted by many people rather than by single individuals.
B)tend to be so exaggerated that they are inaccurate.
C)tend to be negative rather than positive.
D)are resistant to revision when new,disconfirming,evidence is acquired.
E)have all the qualities listed here.

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes have all the qualities listed here. They are often widely adopted, exaggerated, negative, resistant to revision, and held by many people.

Question 9

Using the minimal group paradigm,Tajfel and Turner concluded that intergroup conflict is caused by ___ itself,rather than competition or other interpersonal processes.
A)categorization
B)prejudice
C)negative norms
D)the ingroup-outgroup bias

Accepted Answer

Tajfel and Turner concluded that intergroup conflict is caused by categorization itself, as individuals tend to categorize themselves and others based on certain characteristics, leading to the formation of ingroups and outgroups. This categorization then leads to social identity theory, where individuals develop a positive sense of self through association with their ingroup and a negative sense of other through the outgroup, leading to intergroup conflict. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Question 10

When Anne,a visitor to the U.S.from Europe,learns that voters elected Donald Trump,she assumes that everyone in the U.S.likes Trump.She has fallen prey to
A)stereotyped thinking.
B)the law of small numbers
C)a group attribution error.
D)double-standard thinking.
E)a prototype.

Accepted Answer

Anne's assumption that everyone in the U.S. likes Trump based on his election is an example of a group attribution error. This error occurs when an individual assumes that the beliefs or behaviors of a few members of a group represent the entire group.

Question 11

Christopher,who lives in Iowa,is talking about people from Illinois."We are thrifty,but they are miserly.We are cautious,but they are fainthearted.We are slow to change,but they refuse to ever change at all." Christopher's reaction illustrates
A)double-standard thinking.
B)a group attribution error.
C)the ingroup differentiation bias.
D)adherence to the law of small numbers.
E)the outgroup homogeneity bias.

Accepted Answer

Christopher's reaction illustrates double-standard thinking, which is the tendency to apply different standards to one's own group and to other groups. In this case, Christopher is applying a more positive standard to his own group (people from Iowa) and a more negative standard to the other group (people from Illinois).

Question 12

Stereotypes,while not intrinsically prejudicial,tend to
A)discourage generalizations about the outgroup.
B)be accurate but too negative.
C)be positively toned.
D)be inflexible and hard to change.

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are inflexible and hard to change because people often hold onto them even when presented with information that contradicts the stereotype. This is because stereotypes are based on cognitive shortcuts and are deeply ingrained in our thinking patterns.

Question 13

While waiting for the bus,you see a 20-year-old man dressed in shorts and football helmet.You say to yourself,"Look,a jock." The process exemplifies
A)competition.
B)social categorization.
C)scapegoating.
D)differentiation

Accepted Answer

The process exemplifies social categorization as the individual is being grouped into a certain category based on his appearance and clothing. This is a common psychological phenomena where we tend to categorize individuals into groups based on certain characteristics or attributes.

Question 14

Studies of moral exclusion indicate that groups that commit extreme acts of violence against another group
A)are inherently evil people,like the Nazis.
B)believe that the outgroup is evil and morally worthless.
C)are in an agentic state where independent action is impossible.
D)are no longer acting on their own morals and instead follow the group's morals.

Accepted Answer

Studies of moral exclusion suggest that individuals or groups that commit extreme acts of violence against another group tend to view the outgroup as morally worthless and lacking in humanity. This mindset allows them to justify their harmful actions against the outgroup. It does not necessarily mean that they are inherently evil or incapable of independent action or moral decision-making.

Question 15

A(n)___ is a socially shared cognitive generalization about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a certain group or social category.
A)stereotype
B)law of small numbers
C)group attribution error
D)extremity bias
E)prototype

Accepted Answer

A stereotype is a socially shared cognitive generalization about a group or social category. It involves making assumptions about an individual based on their membership in a larger group, without considering the wide variety of individual differences that exist within the group. Stereotypes can be based on a wide range of characteristics, including age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and more. Stereotypes can be both positive and negative and can have a powerful influence on our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors towards individuals who are perceived to belong to a particular group.

Question 16

The stereotype content model recognizes that stereotypes vary in content,but that they share several key dimensions.One dimension is warmth: some groups are viewed positively,others are viewed negatively.The other dimension is
A)similarity to the ingroup.
B)judged competence of the outgroup.
C)competitiveness of the outgroup.
D)size of the outgroup.
E)activity level of members of the other group.

Accepted Answer

The other dimension that stereotypes share is judged competence of the outgroup. This means that groups are viewed as either competent or incompetent, and this is distinct from the dimension of warmth.

Question 17

Which expression is consistent with the outgroup homogeneity bias?
A)"They all look alike to me."
B)"We are all individuals who can't be easily described."
C)"We are thrifty,but they are miserly."
D)"You got to see 'em to believe 'em"
E)"He is just like all the rest."

Accepted Answer

The expression "They all look alike to me" suggests that the person is assuming that all members of a certain group are the same, which is consistent with the outgroup homogeneity bias.

Question 18

Frank is from Eskador.Frank thinks Eskadors,as a group,are better than the Uminiacs,even though the two groups are nearly identical in terms of attractiveness and effectiveness.The best term to use to describe Frank's reaction is
A)the social identity error.
B)the ingroup-outgroup bias.
C)an identification outlook.
D)social categorization.

Accepted Answer

Frank's belief that his own group (Eskadors) is better than the other group (Uminiacs) even though both groups are nearly identical in attractiveness and effectiveness is due to the ingroup-outgroup bias. This bias refers to the tendency for individuals to favor their own group (ingroup) and have negative feelings towards other groups (outgroup).

Question 19

I view the outgroup as highly competent,but I remain negative in my overall evaluation of them.According to the stereotype content model I am mostly likely to feel ___ when I interact with that group.
A)pity
B)contempt
C)envy
D)admiration

Accepted Answer

According to the stereotype content model, viewing an outgroup as highly competent but negatively overall is likely to elicit envy. This model suggests that stereotypes and resultant feelings towards outgroups are based on perceptions of their warmth and competence.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true?
A)Anthropologists have been unable to identify any tribes or societies that do not engage in intergroup conflict.
B)Fossil evidence indicates ancient human groups (tribes)cooperated with each other;conflict between groups was rare.
C)Conflict with outgroups is usually socially condemned,but considered a necessary evil.
D)The Yanomano were a uniquely violent culture.
E)Intergroup conflict,although not a human universal,is common across societies and eras.

Accepted Answer

Intergroup conflict, although not a human universal, is common across societies and eras. This statement reflects the current understanding among anthropologists and researchers studying human societies. The other options are not accurate: A is not true as there are some societies that do not engage in intergroup conflict, B is not a proven fact, C is not universally applicable, and D is a stereotypical view of the Yanomano culture.

Quiz 14: Intergroup Relations

When categorization occurs,people usually (although not always) assume

The members of the minimal groups Tajfel and Turner created to study social categorization processes

Which of the following is more likely?

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) developed by Greenwald measures ingroup-outgroup bias by

___ theory suggests that prejudice is an instinctive,biologically adaptive aspect of human existence that will be difficult to ever eliminate.

The ___ bias is the tendency for us to believe that individuals in another group are very similar to one another.

Stereotypes

Using the minimal group paradigm,Tajfel and Turner concluded that intergroup conflict is caused by ___ itself,rather than competition or other interpersonal processes.

When Anne,a visitor to the U.S.from Europe,learns that voters elected Donald Trump,she assumes that everyone in the U.S.likes Trump.She has fallen prey to

Christopher,who lives in Iowa,is talking about people from Illinois."We are thrifty,but they are miserly.We are cautious,but they are fainthearted.We are slow to change,but they refuse to ever change at all." Christopher's reaction illustrates

Stereotypes,while not intrinsically prejudicial,tend to

While waiting for the bus,you see a 20-year-old man dressed in shorts and football helmet.You say to yourself,"Look,a jock." The process exemplifies

Studies of moral exclusion indicate that groups that commit extreme acts of violence against another group

A(n) ___ is a socially shared cognitive generalization about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a certain group or social category.

The stereotype content model recognizes that stereotypes vary in content,but that they share several key dimensions.One dimension is warmth: some groups are viewed positively,others are viewed negatively.The other dimension is

Which expression is consistent with the outgroup homogeneity bias?

Frank is from Eskador.Frank thinks Eskadors,as a group,are better than the Uminiacs,even though the two groups are nearly identical in terms of attractiveness and effectiveness.The best term to use to describe Frank's reaction is

I view the outgroup as highly competent,but I remain negative in my overall evaluation of them.According to the stereotype content model I am mostly likely to feel ___ when I interact with that group.

Which of the following statements is true?