One of Carlos's Coworkers Was Recently Promoted to a Middle

One of Carlos's coworkers was recently promoted to a middle management position at their company. He seems to have quickly distanced himself from Carlos and their other coworker, Donovan. In fact, yesterday Donovan described the situation by saying, "He's gone to the dark side." Carlos understands what Donovan means because managers keep themselves removed from other employees, and seldom seriously solicit ideas for improvements or change from those in the trenches. The disadvantage in continuing this type of organizational culture is

A) nobody takes management seriously.
B) the company will have to look outside the firm for new managers.
C) small, incremental improvements rather than radical change will become the norm.
D) the informal organization can hinder effective management.