Question 1

A rare condition in which a patient is unable to detect motion despite intact visual perception of stationary stimuli, caused by damage to area MT, is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Akinetopsia or "motion blindness" is a rare condition caused by damage to area MT in the brain, which is responsible for detecting motion. Patients with this condition are unable to perceive motion despite intact visual perception of stationary stimuli. It is not related to motion sickness or motion amnesia, and "cerebral motion unawareness" is not a recognized medical term.

Question 2

What are the two thresholds in perceiving motion at any given point along the retina?

Accepted Answer

The two thresholds in perceiving motion at any given point along the retina are the thresholds for the slowest motion detectable and the fastest motion detectable. These thresholds are also known as the lower and upper limits of motion perception.

Question 3

As Alberto sat in the speeding train, he looked out the window and saw telephone poles rush past.Alberto is experiencing a type of ______.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

When George looks at movie in a theater, he is experiencing a type of ______.

Accepted Answer

When George looks at a movie in a theater, he experiences apparent motion which refers to the illusion of movement created by showing a series of still images in quick succession, such as in a movie or animation.

Question 5

Larsen et al.(2006) compared the neural responses to real and apparent motion by recording brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology.The fMRI brain scans ______.

Accepted Answer

The study by Larsen et al. (2006) using fMRI technology found that the same areas of the primary visual cortex were activated by both real and apparent motion, indicating that these types of motion are processed similarly in this part of the brain.

Question 6

The visual system must be able to correlate an object at one time (T1) in one position (P1) with the same object at another time (T2) in another position (P2).To detect motion, we must have neurons that fire when objects are ______.

Accepted Answer

Neurons must fire when objects are at P1 at T1 and at P2 at T2 at a range of differences in (T2-T1), that is, different speeds in order to detect motion.

Question 7

Weigelt, Singer, and Kohler (2013) looked at the human MT by recording activity with fMRI technology.They found that ______.

Accepted Answer

Attention to motion resulted in a bigger response in MT than did attention to location.

Question 8

One of the implications of corollary discharge theory is that ______.

Accepted Answer

Corollary discharge theory suggests that we use signals from our motor commands (such as moving our eyes or heads) to help us detect motion in the world. This is because the brain creates a copy of the motor command signal (known as a corollary discharge), which can be used to predict the sensory consequences of our actions. In the case of motion detection, the corollary discharge can be used to account for the apparent motion that we perceive when we move our eyes or heads, allowing us to distinguish between true motion in the visual scene and motion that is caused by our own movements. Therefore, choice C is the best answer. Choices A, B, and D are not directly related to the implications of corollary discharge theory.

Question 9

We have lower motion thresholds in the ______ than in the ______.

Accepted Answer

The periphery refers to the outer edges of our visual field, while the fovea is the central part of our retina responsible for detailed vision. Studies have shown that motion perception is more sensitive in our peripheral vision than our central vision (fovea).

Question 10

Newsome and his team trained rhesus monkeys to respond to particular forms of motion with specific behaviors.They found that ______.

Accepted Answer

The article states that when MT was lesioned, the monkeys were not impaired at visual tasks that involved stationary objects, but only motion tasks were affected.

Question 11

Neural circuits that enable the determination of direction and speed of motion by delaying input from one receptive field, to determine speed, to match the input of another receptive field, to determine direction, are known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Neural circuits that delay input to determine speed and match input to determine direction are called Reichardt detectors. Therefore, choice D, Reichardt detectors, is the correct answer. Choice A, phi-motion detectors, are neural circuits that respond to apparent motion but not to determine direction and speed of motion. Choice B, amacrine cells, are a type of retinal cell involved in lateral processing. Finally, choice C, threshold analogs, does not have any significance in this context.

Question 12

You are watching a small plane move across the sky from quite a distance.The eye movements you are making are known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Smooth pursuit eye movements are tracking eye movements that allow us to follow a moving object smoothly and accurately, as in the case of watching a plane in the sky. Saccades are rapid eye movements that switch our gaze between fixated points, and are not typically used when following a moving target. Motion saccades and beta motion movements are not recognized terms in the field of eye movements.

Question 13

As Roger watches a tennis match, his eyes track the back-and-forth movement of the ball.After a while, he realizes that he feels the pull of different eye muscles depending on whether he looks to the right or the left and these sensations help his brain to know where the ball is.Roger's experience is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

Roger's experience is an example of the corollary discharge theory, which suggests that the brain uses feedback from eye muscles to maintain perception of moving objects. Reichardt's theory and the Phi model are both explanations of motion perception in the visual system, but they do not specifically address the role of eye muscles. The dual perception model proposes that motion perception involves both global and local processes, but it is not directly relevant to Roger's experience. Therefore, the best choice is C, the corollary discharge theory.

Question 14

In Newsome and Paré's (1988) experiment, 100% condition, all the dots were moving in the same condition.In the 50% condition, half the dots were moving in a consistent direction.In the 20% condition, only one fifth of the dots were moving in a consistent direction.They found that ______.

Accepted Answer

Newsome and Paré found that MT neurons integrated across any number of local detectors to infer the general pattern of motion in the display, meaning that the neurons were not only detecting motion in the 100% condition but were able to detect and respond to motion in the 50% and 20% conditions as well.

Question 15

In akinetopsia, ______.

Accepted Answer

In akinetopsia, patients' perception resembles a series of still photographs moving one to the next, making it difficult for them to perceive motion as continuous.

Question 16

In a study by Becker and Zeki (1995), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to the MT of healthy volunteers.What happened?

Accepted Answer

The application of TMS to the MT of healthy volunteers caused a temporary inability to perceive motion.

Question 17

The way the visual system knows if an object seen at time 1 is the same object at time 2 is known as the ______.

Accepted Answer

The correspondence problem refers to how the visual system matches features of an object seen at time 1 with features of the same object seen at time 2, in order to perceive it as a continuous, stable object over time.

Question 18

MT, also known as V5, is an area in the ______.

Accepted Answer

MT, or V5, is located in the occipital lobe and is specifically responsible for motion detection and perception.

Question 19

When an object is perceived as moving on the basis of what is actually a series of stationary images being presented sequentially, such as in the movies, we have ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When an object is perceived as moving...

Question 20

Sudden eye movements used to look from one object to another are known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Saccades are the sudden eye movements used to look from one object to another. Smooth pursuit eye movements are slow and voluntary eye movements that track a moving object. Akinetopsia is a visual disorder where a person is unable to see objects in motion. Reverse Reichardt detectors are neurons in the visual system that detect motion.

Quiz 8: Movement and Action