Question 1

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce, Martin fell ill with the flu. Classical conditioning occurred, and ________ became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.
A) the type of china used by the restaurant
B) the soft light from candles
C) Béarnaise sauce
D) the presence of Martin's wife

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurred when Martin felt sick after eating filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce. As a result, the taste and smell of the sauce became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.

Question 2

Patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the unconditioned stimulus is:
A) the place where therapy takes place.
B) the sound of the nurse's voice.
C) chemotherapy.
D) nausea.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Patients may generalize the nausea caused by...

Question 3

When undergoing chemotherapy to treat cancer, patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the unconditioned response is:
A) the sound of a nurse's voice.
B) nausea.
C) the place where therapy takes place.
D) chemotherapy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When undergoing chemotherapy to treat cancer, patients...

Question 4

Which of the following would NOT be a conditioned stimulus that would reduce a cancer patient's pain through the placebo effect?
A) the bottle containing the pills
B) the active ingredients in the pills
C) the sight and feel of the injections
D) the white coat of the doctor

Accepted Answer

In the placebo effect, the conditioned stimulus is usually a non-active substance (like a sugar pill) or a non-invasive procedure (like a fake injection), which elicits the patient's belief that it will alleviate their symptoms. Therefore, the active ingredients in the pills cannot be a conditioned stimulus for the placebo effect.

Question 5

The "dessert tray" phenomenon" refers to:
A) feelings of satiation upon presentation of the dessert cart.
B) the oversizing of restaurant portions.
C) feelings of hunger upon presentation of the dessert cart.
D) classical conditioning of unpleasant food groups.

Accepted Answer

The "dessert tray" phenomenon refers to the increased feelings of hunger or desire for dessert when presented with a dessert cart, even if one was not initially hungry.

Question 6

When their cancer is treated through chemotherapy, individuals may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the conditioned response is:
A) the place where therapy takes place.
B) chemotherapy.
C) nausea.
D) the sound of a nurse's voice.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the nausea, which is a learned response to the place associated with chemotherapy.

Question 7

The "Garcia effect" described in the textbook explains why:
A) a type of food can become a conditioned stimulus for nausea but only when sickness immediately follows the consumption of the food.
B) getting sick after eating a particular food can produce a conditioned response not only to the food but also to the people you're with at the time as well.
C) animals are biologically primed to associate sickness more readily with sights and sounds than with tastes.
D) conditioned taste aversions can occur after only one pairing of a particular food with illness.

Accepted Answer

The Garcia effect refers to the fact that conditioned taste aversions can occur after only one pairing of a particular food with illness, making option D the correct answer. Option A refers to the basic idea of conditioned taste aversions, but it does not specifically describe the Garcia effect. Option B is not related to the Garcia effect or conditioned taste aversions. Option C is partially true, but animals are not necessarily more likely to associate sickness with sights and sounds than with tastes; the Garcia effect demonstrates that taste can be a very powerful cue for this type of learning.

Question 8

Individuals being treated for cancer may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the conditioned stimulus is:
A) the place where therapy takes place.
B) nausea.
C) avoidance by cancelling the appointment.
D) chemotherapy.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus in this scenario is the place where therapy takes place, as it has become associated with the nausea caused by chemotherapy through the process of classical conditioning.

Question 9

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. This noise served as the ________ in their study.
A) counterconditioning stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) discriminative stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

The loud noise was an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally and automatically triggered a fear response in Little Albert without prior conditioning.

Question 10

Peter was a three-year-old who was deathly afraid of rabbits. In classical conditioning terms, rabbits had become a/an:
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) negative reinforcer.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) primary punisher.

Accepted Answer

The rabbits had become a conditioned stimulus because they triggered a fear response in Peter, which was not a natural response to rabbits but was learned through previous experiences or conditioning.

Question 11

In the late 1800s, G. Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger. One case involved a three-year-old girl who asked a calm question right in the middle of a tantrum. Evidently, the child:
A) had been reinforced for having tantrums in the past.
B) had been classically conditioned to associate crying with anger.
C) experienced higher-order conditioning of her anger responses.
D) had been punished for having tantrums in the past.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the late 1800s, G. Stanley Hall...

Question 12

When a three-year-old named Peter was deathly afraid of rabbits, his fear was eliminated through:
A) stimulus generalization.
B) counterconditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) stimulus discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning involves replacing a negative conditioned response with a positive one through the association of the feared stimulus with a positive experience. In this case, Peter's fear of rabbits was eliminated through a positive experience with rabbits, which is an example of counterconditioning.

Question 13

John Watson and his colleague Rosalie Rayner offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the ________ in their study.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) counterconditioning stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) discriminative stimulus

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is the neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the loud noise), leading to a conditioned response (fear) to the conditioned stimulus (in this case, the white rat).

Question 14

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear to a rat, Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. They were studying whether or not ________ had occurred.
A) behaviour modification
B) stimulus generalization
C) stimulus discrimination
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization refers to the transfer of a learned response to similar but different stimuli. In this case, Watson and Rayner wanted to see if the fear response Little Albert had learned through conditioning with the rat would also generalize to other stimuli like the white rabbit, cotton wool, and Santa Claus mask. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 15

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting. Albert's reaction of fear when he heard the noise served as the ________ in their study.
A) unconditioned response
B) latent response
C) counterconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The loud noise naturally elicited a fear response from Little Albert without any prior learning, making it an unconditioned response.

Question 16

Aiden is afraid of the bath, and so his father puts two inches of water in the tub and gives Aiden a popsicle to eat while he washes Aiden's back. This is an example of:
A) counterconditioning.
B) latent learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The father is using counterconditioning by pairing something pleasant (a popsicle) with the previously fear-inducing stimulus (bath) in order to change Aiden's conditioned response.

Question 17

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure used in the treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits has been used to treat adult phobias. This variation is called:
A) systematic desensitization.
B) secondary punishers.
C) latent learning.
D) intermittent reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The variation mentioned in the question, which involves pairing a feared stimulus with a positive one, is a key aspect of the systematic desensitization treatment for phobias in adults. Systematic desensitization involves a series of steps that gradually expose the individual to the feared stimulus in a controlled, supportive environment while promoting relaxation techniques to counteract anxiety. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Option B (secondary punishers) refers to the use of negative consequences to decrease the likelihood of a behavior, which is not relevant to the question. Option C (latent learning) refers to learning that occurs without overt reinforcement, and Option D (intermittent reinforcement) is a type of reinforcement schedule that is not relevant to the question.

Question 18

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and then watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting. Then they offered a live white rat and struck the bar. Albert began to whimper, tremble, and fall over and cry. When the rat was later offered alone, Albert reacted with fear. The fear of the rat served as the ________ in their study.
A) counterconditioned response
B) unconditioned response
C) latent response
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The fear reaction of Albert to the rat is the conditioned response in the study, as it was learned through association with the loud noise produced by the striking of the steel bar, which was the conditioned stimulus. The unconditioned response was Albert's innate fear response to the loud noise (which was the unconditioned stimulus) before the conditioning process started. Counterconditioning refers to the process of replacing an unwanted response with a desired response, which was not the case in this study. Latent response does not make sense in this context.

Question 19

When researchers attempted to teach slugs to dislike foods by pairing the food with an unpleasant taste, they found that:
A) slugs learned to avoid the smell of carrots, which they normally like, but attempts at higher-order conditioning failed.
B) after the smell of carrots was paired with the bitter-tasting drug, the slugs began to avoid the place where the association had been formed and would not eat any food in that context.
C) despite numerous procedures and many attempts, it was not possible to classically condition any responses in slugs.
D) slugs learned to avoid the smell of carrots and then, through higher-order conditioning pairing carrot smells and potato smells, slugs began to avoid the smell of potatoes.

Accepted Answer

Slugs learned to avoid the smell of carrots through classical conditioning and then, through higher-order conditioning, they also began to avoid the smell of potatoes when it was paired with the carrot smell.

Question 20

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce, Martin fell ill with the flu. Classical conditioning occurred and Béarnaise sauce became a conditioned stimuli for nausea. The waiter, however, did not become a conditioned stimulus. According to the Garcia effect:
A) humans are primed to associate sickness with taste more readily than with sights.
B) once Martin observes another diner enjoying Béarnaise sauce then he will enjoy it too.
C) extinction occurs rapidly for food dislikes and soon Martin will enjoy Béarnaise sauce again.
D) the kindness of the waiter was sufficient to override classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The Garcia effect, also known as taste aversion, suggests that humans are biologically prepared to associate sickness with taste more readily than with other stimuli such as sights or sounds. This explains why Martin associates the Béarnaise sauce with nausea, rather than the waiter or any other aspect of the meal.

Quiz 7: Learning and Conditioning

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce, Martin fell ill with the flu. Classical conditioning occurred, and ________ became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.

Patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the unconditioned stimulus is:

When undergoing chemotherapy to treat cancer, patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the unconditioned response is:

Which of the following would NOT be a conditioned stimulus that would reduce a cancer patient's pain through the placebo effect?

The "dessert tray" phenomenon" refers to:

When their cancer is treated through chemotherapy, individuals may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the conditioned response is:

The "Garcia effect" described in the textbook explains why:

Individuals being treated for cancer may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the conditioned stimulus is:

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. This noise served as the ________ in their study.

Peter was a three-year-old who was deathly afraid of rabbits. In classical conditioning terms, rabbits had become a/an:

In the late 1800s, G. Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger. One case involved a three-year-old girl who asked a calm question right in the middle of a tantrum. Evidently, the child:

When a three-year-old named Peter was deathly afraid of rabbits, his fear was eliminated through:

John Watson and his colleague Rosalie Rayner offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the ________ in their study.

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear to a rat, Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. They were studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting. Albert's reaction of fear when he heard the noise served as the ________ in their study.

Aiden is afraid of the bath, and so his father puts two inches of water in the tub and gives Aiden a popsicle to eat while he washes Aiden's back. This is an example of:

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure used in the treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits has been used to treat adult phobias. This variation is called:

When researchers attempted to teach slugs to dislike foods by pairing the food with an unpleasant taste, they found that:

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce, Martin fell ill with the flu. Classical conditioning occurred and Béarnaise sauce became a conditioned stimuli for nausea. The waiter, however, did not become a conditioned stimulus. According to the Garcia effect: