Question 1

Johnny usually abides by rules and laws, but in one instance, based on peer pressure from his friends, he shoplifts.This is reflective of Farrington's concept of ______ AP.
A)long-term
B)short-term
C)covert
D)overt

Accepted Answer

Farrington's concept of AP (Antisocial Potential) refers to the likelihood of an individual engaging in deviant behavior. In this scenario, Johnny's decision to shoplift is not a reflection of his long-term tendencies or covert behavior, but rather a short-term action influenced by peer pressure. Therefore, the best choice is B, short-term.

Question 2

_____ theories are dynamic in that they emphasize that individuals develop along different pathways and over the course of their lives.
A)biological
B)developmental
C)psychological
D)social

Accepted Answer

Developmental theories focus on the changes that occur throughout an individual's life, and emphasize the importance of examining various pathways and trajectories of development. These theories view development as a complex, ongoing process that is influenced by a variety of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Question 3

In Moffitt's theory, the ______ gap is the gap between the average age of puberty and the acquisition of socially responsible adult roles.
A)adolescent
B)delinquency
C)juvenile
D)maturity

Accepted Answer

Moffitt's theory suggests that the maturity gap is the time period between the average age of puberty and the acquisition of socially responsible adult roles. This gap creates a period of instability during which some youths may engage in delinquent behavior. Therefore, choice D, "maturity," is the best answer.

Question 4

Which of the following theorists are credited with age-graded theory?
A)Gottfredson and Hirschi
B)Sampson and Laub
C)Shaw and McKay
D)Sykes and Matza

Accepted Answer

Sampson and Laub are credited with age-graded theory, which proposes that life events and experiences in different stages of life can have a cumulative impact on criminal behavior. Gottfredson and Hirschi proposed the general theory of crime; Shaw and McKay developed social disorganization theory; and Sykes and Matza proposed techniques of neutralization theory.

Question 5

Developmental theories focus on crimes that occur ______.
A)in childhood
B)during adolescence
C)in adulthood
D)from onset to desistance

Accepted Answer

Developmental theories focus on the entire lifespan, from the onset of criminal behavior to its desistance. These theories examine how individual factors and environmental factors interact throughout a person's life to influence their criminal behavior. While childhood and adolescence are considered important periods for the development of criminal behavior, developmental theories recognize that criminal behavior can occur at any point in a person's life. Therefore, choice D is the best answer as it encompasses the lifespan approach taken by developmental theories.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of risk factors for criminality?
A)An individual's risk factors tend to remain stable over time.
B)Risk factors tend to cluster together, so that a person with one risk factor is likely to have others.
C)Risk factors are evenly distributed across the population.
D)Risk factors are those factors that decrease the probability of offending.

Accepted Answer

Risk factors tend to cluster together, meaning that individuals with one risk factor are likely to have others. This is known as the accumulation of risk, and it can increase the likelihood of criminal behavior. While some risk factors may be stable over time, others may change or fluctuate. Risk factors are not evenly distributed across the population; certain groups, such as those living in poverty or experiencing trauma, may have higher levels of risk factors. Finally, risk factors are not factors that decrease the probability of offending; instead, they increase the likelihood of criminal behavior.

Question 7

The antisocial behavior of life-course persistent offenders tends to
A)vary considerably across time and place.
B)remain stable in different situations, but vary over time.
C)remain stable across time, with some variation based on situation.
D)remain stable across time and place.

Accepted Answer

Life-course persistent offenders exhibit antisocial behavior that remains stable across both time and place, indicating a consistent pattern of behavior regardless of changing circumstances or environments.

Question 8

Developmental theorists tend to use what kind of experimental design in their research?
A)self-report surveys
B)victim impact studies
C)longitudinal studies
D)phone surveys

Accepted Answer

Developmental theorists tend to use longitudinal studies in their research, which involves collecting data from the same individuals at multiple time points over a period of years. This design allows researchers to track changes and development over time, providing more in-depth insights into the developmental process. Self-report surveys and phone surveys may also be used, but they are not specific to developmental research. Victim impact studies are more relevant to the criminal justice system than developmental psychology.

Question 9

The vast majority of juvenile offenders are
A)adolescent-limited offenders
B)in their thirties
C)life course-persistent offenders
D)serious offenders

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that most juvenile offenders are adolescent-limited offenders, meaning they engage in delinquent behavior only during their teenage years and do not continue in criminal activity into adulthood.

Question 10

______ is defined as the persistent display of serious antisocial actions that are extreme given the child's developmental level and have a significant impact on the rights of others.
A)attention deficit disorder
B)attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
C)conduct disorder
D)antisocial potential

Accepted Answer

Conduct disorder is defined as the persistent display of serious antisocial actions that are extreme given the child's developmental level and have a significant impact on the rights of others. Attention deficit disorder (A) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (B) are not necessarily associated with antisocial behavior. Antisocial potential (D) is not a recognized diagnosis or term in psychology.

Question 11

Agnew states that ______ factors have a direct effect on irritability/low self-control and an indirect effect on the other life domains through irritability/low self-control.
A)psychological
B)social
C)environmental
D)biological

Accepted Answer

Agnew's General Strain Theory proposes that biological factors such as genetics and temperament have a direct effect on irritability/low self-control, which then indirectly affects other life domains such as criminal behavior and substance abuse. Psychological, social, and environmental factors are considered to have an indirect effect through their impact on irritability/low self-control. Therefore, the best choice is D - biological factors.

Question 12

The central distinction drawn by Moffitt's dual pathway developmental theory is between ______ and ______ offenders.
A)adolescent limited; life-course persistent
B)married; unmarried
C)urban; rural
D)violent; property

Accepted Answer

Moffitt's dual pathway developmental theory distinguishes between two types of offenders: adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent. The theory suggests that adolescent-limited offenders engage in delinquent behavior only during adolescence, while life-course-persistent offenders engage in delinquent behavior throughout their lives. The other choices are not relevant to Moffitt's theory.

Question 13

______ refers to a store of positive relationships in social networks built on norms of reciprocity and trust developed over time upon which the individual can draw for support.
A)social trust
B)social capital
C)psychological capital
D)biological capital

Accepted Answer

Social capital refers to the network of positive relationships built on norms of reciprocity and trust developed over time upon which the individual can draw for support. It includes the social resources available to an individual through their social networks.

Question 14

According to Farrington, individuals with ______ tend to come from poor families, to be poorly socialized, low on anxiety, impulsive, sensation seeking, have low IQ, and fail in school.
A)long-term antisocial potential
B)short-term antisocial potential
C)social disorganization
D)techniques of neutralization

Accepted Answer

Farrington's research suggests that individuals with long-term antisocial potential tend to have these particular characteristics, including coming from poor families, being poorly socialized, low on anxiety, impulsive, sensation seeking, having low IQ, and failing in school.

Question 15

Agnew's trait of irritability appears to be analogous with what most psychologists call ______.
A)conscientiousness
B)impulsiveness
C)negative emotionality
D)sensation seeking

Accepted Answer

Agnew's trait of irritability is characterized by a tendency to experience negative emotions such as anger, frustration, and annoyance. This is consistent with the personality trait of negative emotionality, which involves experiencing more frequent and intense negative emotions. Trait conscientiousness involves high levels of organization and responsibility, impulse refers to acting without thinking, and sensation-seeking involves seeking excitement and new experiences.

Question 16

The age at which excitatory transmitters start to decrease and the inhibitory transmitters start to increase, thus decreasing a person's propensity for antisocial behavior, is ______ years of age.
A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Accepted Answer

The age at which excitatory transmitters start to decrease and the inhibitory transmitters start to increase is around 20 years of age. This results in a decrease in impulsive behavior and an increase in the ability to control one's actions.

Question 17

In his super traits theory, ______ narrowed down his search for traits conducive to criminal behavior.
A)Agnew
B)Durkheim
C)Farrington
D)Moffitt

Accepted Answer

The answer of In his super traits theory, ______ narrowed...

Question 18

A person gets married, and it changes the person's life trajectory in a prosocial direction; Sampson and Laub would refer to this as a ______.
A)high point
B)direction change
C)risk factor
D)turning point

Accepted Answer

Sampson and Laub's theory of life course development emphasizes that events or experiences, called turning points, have the power to redirect the life trajectory of an individual. Getting married can be considered as a turning point that changes the direction of a person's life towards prosocial behavior and responsibilities, such as starting a family, building a stable career, and establishing long-term relationships. Therefore, the best answer in this case is D) turning point.

Question 19

_____ is a legal term that distinguishes between youthful offenders and adult offenders that has its origins in the concept of culpability.
A)childhood
B)delinquent
C)juvenile
D)minor

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is a legal term that distinguishes...

Question 20

A/an ______ is something in individuals' personal characteristics or their environment that increases the probability of violent offending.
A)risk temperament
B)risk factor
C)chance factor
D)Type A personality

Accepted Answer

A risk factor is defined as a characteristic or environmental condition that increases the likelihood of violent behavior. Risk temperament and Type A personality are not specific to violent offending, and chance factor implies randomness rather than a known factor that increases risk.

Quiz 11: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to Crime to Desistance

Johnny usually abides by rules and laws, but in one instance, based on peer pressure from his friends, he shoplifts.This is reflective of Farrington's concept of ______ AP.

_____ theories are dynamic in that they emphasize that individuals develop along different pathways and over the course of their lives.

In Moffitt's theory, the ______ gap is the gap between the average age of puberty and the acquisition of socially responsible adult roles.

Which of the following theorists are credited with age-graded theory?

Developmental theories focus on crimes that occur ______.

Which of the following is true of risk factors for criminality?

The antisocial behavior of life-course persistent offenders tends to

Developmental theorists tend to use what kind of experimental design in their research?

The vast majority of juvenile offenders are

______ is defined as the persistent display of serious antisocial actions that are extreme given the child's developmental level and have a significant impact on the rights of others.

Agnew states that ______ factors have a direct effect on irritability/low self-control and an indirect effect on the other life domains through irritability/low self-control.

The central distinction drawn by Moffitt's dual pathway developmental theory is between and offenders.

______ refers to a store of positive relationships in social networks built on norms of reciprocity and trust developed over time upon which the individual can draw for support.

According to Farrington, individuals with ______ tend to come from poor families, to be poorly socialized, low on anxiety, impulsive, sensation seeking, have low IQ, and fail in school.

Agnew's trait of irritability appears to be analogous with what most psychologists call ______.

The age at which excitatory transmitters start to decrease and the inhibitory transmitters start to increase, thus decreasing a person's propensity for antisocial behavior, is ______ years of age.

In his super traits theory, ______ narrowed down his search for traits conducive to criminal behavior.

A person gets married, and it changes the person's life trajectory in a prosocial direction; Sampson and Laub would refer to this as a ______.

_____ is a legal term that distinguishes between youthful offenders and adult offenders that has its origins in the concept of culpability.

A/an ______ is something in individuals' personal characteristics or their environment that increases the probability of violent offending.