Question 1

_____ of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.​

Accepted Answer

Internal theories of motivation focus on individual factors such as needs, emotions, and cognitions that drive behavior and motivation. These theories emphasize the role of an individual's personal characteristics in shaping their motivation and behavior. Examples include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and self-determination theory.

Question 2

Self-actualization may be the most important need for people in cultures with a high need to avoid uncertainty.​

Accepted Answer

In cultures with a high need to avoid uncertainty, security and stability needs are often prioritized over self-actualization.

Question 3

External theories of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.​

Accepted Answer

External theories of motivation focus on factors outside of the individual, such as rewards and punishments, social influences, and environmental factors. Internal or cognitive theories of motivation focus on individual thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes that lead to motivation and behavior.

Question 4

Work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth were labeled hygiene factors.​

Accepted Answer

Work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth were labeled motivators, not hygiene factors. Hygiene factors are related to basic needs such as salary, job security, working conditions, etc.

Question 5

Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain were labeled motivation factors.​

Accepted Answer

Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain are actually hygiene factors, not motivation factors. Motivation factors are things like recognition, advancement opportunities, and the work itself, while hygiene factors are more basic needs like working conditions, pay, and job security.

Question 6

Theory Y assumptions are appropriate for employees motivated by lower-order needs.​

Accepted Answer

Theory Y assumptions are appropriate for employees who are motivated by higher-order needs, such as self-actualization and personal growth. Theory X assumptions are appropriate for employees who are more concerned with lower-order needs, such as safety and security.

Question 7

Eustress is a negative response such as frustration or fear which leads to unhealthy and unproductive results.​

Accepted Answer

Eustress is actually a positive response to stress, leading to healthy and productive results. It is the opposite of distress, which is a negative response to stress.

Question 8

_____ of motivation focus on the elements in an environment, including the consequences of behavior, as the basis for understanding and explaining people's behavior at work.​

Accepted Answer

External theories of motivation focus on external factors such as rewards, punishments, and job conditions to explain and understand behavior at work. Process theories focus on how individuals make decisions about their behavior, while internal theories center on individual personality traits and factors within the person. Route theories refer to decision-making processes in a broader sense and are not specifically related to motivation.

Question 9

Security is the pinnacle need for Americans in Maslow's need hierarchy.​

Accepted Answer

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the pinnacle or top need is self-actualization, not security. Security is considered a lower-level need, specifically a safety need, which comes after physiological needs.

Question 10

Expectancy theory does not hold up well in cultures that value individualism.​

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory is applicable in all cultures irrespective of their values. It is based on the assumption that individuals try to maximize their outcomes and rewards by putting in effort and achieving their performance goals. However, some cultures that emphasize collectivism may prioritize team goals over individual goals and may focus more on group harmony and cooperation than individual reward attainment. This can influence the application of expectancy theory in such cultures.

Question 11

The _____ encouraged hard work on the grounds that prosperous workers were more likely to find a place in heaven.​

Accepted Answer

The Protestant ethic, a concept introduced by Max Weber, promoted the idea that hard work and frugality were a sign of one's salvation and a path to success in this life and the next. It was strongly associated with the rise of modern capitalism in Western Europe and North America.

Question 12

Organizations with high levels of employee engagement do not perform well financially in volatile economic times.​

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Research has shown that organizations with high levels of employee engagement actually perform better in volatile economic times. Engaged employees are more committed to their work, more creative in problem-solving, and more likely to go above and beyond to help the organization succeed, which can all contribute to better financial performance.

Question 13

Adam Smith argued that a person's self-interest was determined by the government.​

Accepted Answer

Adam Smith believed that self-interest is a natural human instinct and is not determined by the government. He believed that individuals acting in their own self-interest can lead to overall economic prosperity and growth.

Question 14

Frederick Taylor's goal was to change the relationship between management and labor from one of conflict to one of cooperation.​

Accepted Answer

Frederick Taylor's concept of scientific management aimed to create a harmonious relationship between management and labor by improving the efficiency of work processes, reducing waste, and increasing productivity. Taylor believed that cooperation between management and labor was crucial for the success of an organization.

Question 15

ERG theory explains both progressive need gratification and regression when people face frustration.​

Accepted Answer

ERG theory proposes that individuals have three sets of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. When an individual satisfies lower level needs, they progress towards satisfying higher level needs, which is called progressive need gratification. However, if an individual is unable to satisfy their higher level needs, they may regress and focus on satisfying their lower level needs again. This is known as frustration-regression principle.

Question 16

Theory X assumptions apply to employees motivated by higher-order needs.​

Accepted Answer

Theory X assumptions apply to employees who are assumed to be motivated by lower-order needs such as safety, security, and physiological needs, and therefore require close supervision and control from management. Theory Y assumptions apply to employees who are assumed to be motivated by higher-order needs such as self-actualization and creativity, and therefore can be given more autonomy and responsibility.

Question 17

Alderfer classified Maslow's physiological and physical safety needs in a growth need category.​

Accepted Answer

Alderfer's ERG theory re-categorized Maslow's needs into three categories: existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs. Physiological and physical safety needs fall under existence needs.

Question 18

There are no cultural differences with regard to Maslow's, McClelland's, and Herzberg's theories.​

Accepted Answer

While there may be universal human needs, the ways in which they are prioritized and fulfilled can vary across cultures. Maslow's hierarchy of needs, McClelland's theory of needs, and Herzberg's two-factor theory were all developed based on research conducted primarily in Western cultures and may not necessarily apply universally.

Question 19

Theory X assumptions have inspired employee participation programs.​

Accepted Answer

Theory X assumptions are based on the idea that employees are lazy, need to be closely supervised, and are primarily motivated by fear of punishment or desire for reward. This traditional approach to management has been challenged by alternative approaches, including employee participation programs, which recognize that employees can be motivated by a variety of factors, including a sense of autonomy, mastery, and purpose. Therefore, Theory X assumptions are not the inspiration for employee participation programs.

Question 20

Distress is a positive response to challenges that generates energy and motivates an individual to achieve.​

Accepted Answer

Distress is actually a negative response to challenges that can cause feelings of anxiety, fear, and overwhelm. It is the opposite of eustress, which is a positive response to challenges that can energize and motivate an individual.

Quiz 5: Motivation at Work

_____ of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.​

Self-actualization may be the most important need for people in cultures with a high need to avoid uncertainty.​

External theories of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.​

Work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth were labeled hygiene factors.​

Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain were labeled motivation factors.​

Theory Y assumptions are appropriate for employees motivated by lower-order needs.​

Eustress is a negative response such as frustration or fear which leads to unhealthy and unproductive results.​

_____ of motivation focus on the elements in an environment, including the consequences of behavior, as the basis for understanding and explaining people's behavior at work.​

Security is the pinnacle need for Americans in Maslow's need hierarchy.​

Expectancy theory does not hold up well in cultures that value individualism.​

The _____ encouraged hard work on the grounds that prosperous workers were more likely to find a place in heaven.​

Organizations with high levels of employee engagement do not perform well financially in volatile economic times.​

Adam Smith argued that a person's self-interest was determined by the government.​

Frederick Taylor's goal was to change the relationship between management and labor from one of conflict to one of cooperation.​

ERG theory explains both progressive need gratification and regression when people face frustration.​

Theory X assumptions apply to employees motivated by higher-order needs.​

Alderfer classified Maslow's physiological and physical safety needs in a growth need category.​

There are no cultural differences with regard to Maslow's, McClelland's, and Herzberg's theories.​

Theory X assumptions have inspired employee participation programs.​

Distress is a positive response to challenges that generates energy and motivates an individual to achieve.​

_____ of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.

Self-actualization may be the most important need for people in cultures with a high need to avoid uncertainty.

External theories of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.

Work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth were labeled hygiene factors.

Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain were labeled motivation factors.

Theory Y assumptions are appropriate for employees motivated by lower-order needs.

Eustress is a negative response such as frustration or fear which leads to unhealthy and unproductive results.

_____ of motivation focus on the elements in an environment, including the consequences of behavior, as the basis for understanding and explaining people's behavior at work.

Security is the pinnacle need for Americans in Maslow's need hierarchy.

Expectancy theory does not hold up well in cultures that value individualism.

The _____ encouraged hard work on the grounds that prosperous workers were more likely to find a place in heaven.

Organizations with high levels of employee engagement do not perform well financially in volatile economic times.

Adam Smith argued that a person's self-interest was determined by the government.

Frederick Taylor's goal was to change the relationship between management and labor from one of conflict to one of cooperation.

ERG theory explains both progressive need gratification and regression when people face frustration.

Theory X assumptions apply to employees motivated by higher-order needs.

Alderfer classified Maslow's physiological and physical safety needs in a growth need category.

There are no cultural differences with regard to Maslow's, McClelland's, and Herzberg's theories.

Theory X assumptions have inspired employee participation programs.

Distress is a positive response to challenges that generates energy and motivates an individual to achieve.