Question 1

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment occurs at about six or seven months?

Accepted Answer

The clear-cut-attachment phase occurs at about six or seven months, which is characterized by separation anxiety, fear of strangers, and a strong attachment to the primary caregiver. The other phases of attachment according to Mary Ainsworth are the initial-preattachment phase (birth to six weeks), the indiscriminate-attachment phase (six weeks to seven months), and the attachment-in-the-making phase (seven to nine months).

Question 2

Which of the following is true of abused children?

Accepted Answer

Abused children often experience negative effects on their self-esteem and academic performance. This can manifest in a variety of ways, including difficulty trusting others, anxiety, and depression. It is important for these children to receive support and counseling to help them overcome these challenges. None of the other options listed are true of abused children.

Question 3

Which of the following views of the development of attachment first suggested that attachment is learned through conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The behavioral view of the development of attachment suggests that attachment is learned through conditioning, specifically through the process of classical conditioning. This view was first proposed by John Watson and extended by B.F. Skinner.

Question 4

Who among the following infants is a victim of educational neglect?

Accepted Answer

Amin regularly skipping school with his parents' approval constitutes educational neglect as he is not receiving appropriate education. Mia being bullied is a form of bullying and not educational neglect, while Wendy being punished by her teacher does not provide enough information to determine if it is neglectful or abusive. Kathy's low grades in mathematics may indicate a need for additional support or resources but do not necessarily constitute neglect on their own.

Question 5

Aiden, a 3-year-old, is severely malnourished and constantly falls ill. His mother does not take care of his personal hygiene and makes him wear unwashed clothes for weeks. In this scenario, Aiden is a victim of _____.

Accepted Answer

Aiden is a victim of physical neglect as his mother is not taking care of his personal hygiene and he is severely malnourished, which can lead to long-term health complications. This can be considered neglectful behaviour as the mother is not providing for her child's basic needs. Physical abuse involves intentionally causing harm or injury to a child, while childhood molestation and sexual abuse involve sexual exploitation or assault towards a child.

Question 6

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an infant's attachment to his or her mother in the first year is primarily a result of:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an infant's attachment to his or her mother in the first year is primarily a result of the fulfillment of oral needs. Infants are believed to have an innate drive to satisfy their basic needs through oral means, such as sucking and biting, and the mother who provides this satisfaction becomes the source of comfort and security for the infant. This forms the basis of the infant's attachment to the mother, which is the foundation for all other attachment relationships in the future.

Question 7

Johnson is a socially awkward teenager and talks to everyone he meets in the same monotonous way. He has difficulty understanding emotions. On being examined, it was found that Johnson did not have the significant cognitive or language delays associated with autism. In this scenario, Johnson is most likely suffering from _____.

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described in the scenario are characteristic of Asperger's syndrome, which is a neurodevelopmental disorder on the autism spectrum. People with Asperger's struggle with social communication and have difficulty understanding emotional and social cues. Unlike classic autism, people with Asperger's do not have significant language delays, although they may exhibit repetitive behaviors and have narrow interests. Turner syndrome, Huntington's disease, and Tay-Sachs disease are not associated with the described symptoms.

Question 8

The Harlows and their colleagues conducted studies of rhesus monkeys that were "reared by" wire-mesh and terry-cloth surrogate mothers. According to this study, rhesus infants reared in solitary confinement:

Accepted Answer

Rhesus infants reared in solitary confinement later avoided other monkeys, indicating a lack of social skills and difficulty forming social bonds.

Question 9

Aaron's mother refuses to send him to school. She says, "Schools do not have anything good to teach children nowadays." In this scenario, Aaron is a victim of _____.

Accepted Answer

Aaron is a victim of educational neglect as his mother is refusing to send him to school.

Question 10

Who among the following children is a victim of physical abuse?

Accepted Answer

Mia's father beating her with a belt is an act of physical abuse. The other options do not involve physical abuse.

Question 11

Liam's father is an alcoholic. He hits Liam and his mother every night after getting drunk. In this scenario, Liam is a victim of _____.

Accepted Answer

Liam is a victim of physical abuse as his father is hitting him and his mother every night after getting drunk.

Question 12

If caregivers are to be missed when absent, infants must perceive that they continue to exist. This statement reflects the concept of _____.

Accepted Answer

The concept of object permanence refers to the understanding that objects still exist even when they are out of sight, and this includes the understanding that people exist even when they are not present. This concept is central to attachment theory and the importance of the caregiver-child bond. Choices B, C, and D are not directly relevant to this statement.

Question 13

Asperger's disorder is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Asperger's disorder, also known as Asperger's syndrome, is characterized by social deficits and stereotyped behavior. Individuals with this disorder may have difficulty with social interactions and communication, as well as engaging in repetitive behaviors or interests. Unlike autism, they do not typically experience significant language or cognitive delays.

Question 14

Who among the following children is a victim of sexual abuse?

Accepted Answer

Andressa is a victim of sexual abuse as she was raped by her neighbor. The other options do not indicate sexual abuse. Benjamin has sustained a severe burn injury, Mindy is beaten with a belt, and Riyadh is neglected and not admitted to school. While all of these situations may be considered abuse or neglect, they do not involve sexual abuse.

Question 15

Anna is a 7-month-old baby. Her mother is a drug user, and she often leaves her infant unattended for several hours whenever she is under the influence of drugs. Anna is a victim of _____.

Accepted Answer

Anna is experiencing emotional neglect as her mother is not providing her with appropriate care and attention, which can have detrimental effects on her emotional development and well-being.

Question 16

Who among the following children is a victim of physical neglect?

Accepted Answer

Matthew is a victim of physical neglect because his mother is not providing him with enough food, resulting in him being severely underweight. Skipping school (A), being punished by a teacher (C), and having a smoking problem (D) are not examples of physical neglect.

Question 17

In a classic study, René A. Spitz found that institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation from caregivers:

Accepted Answer

Spitz found that institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation from caregivers appear depressed and withdrawn.

Question 18

Who among the following children is most likely a victim of emotional abuse?

Accepted Answer

Clark, a 12-year-old, who does not interact much with people as his father often criticizes him and calls him a "good-for-nothing fellow" is most likely a victim of emotional abuse. Emotional abuse is defined as any behavior that harms a child's mental health or social development. In this case, Clark's father's constant criticism and belittling behavior towards him can lead to low self-esteem, anxiety, and other mental health problems.

Question 19

Which of the following statements would a person who propagates the behavioral view of attachment most likely support?

Accepted Answer

The behavioral view of attachment posits that infants learn to associate their primary caregivers with the satisfaction of their needs and desires. This association is reinforced over time through positive interactions with the caregiver, leading to the development of attachment. Option A reflects this perspective by suggesting that infants learn to approach their caregivers to have their needs met. Option B reflects the psychoanalytic perspective of attachment, which emphasizes the importance of the caregiver as a source of love and nurturance. Option C is a genetic view of attachment, which posits that attachment is based on shared biological traits between the infant and caregiver. Option D reflects cognitive developmental theorists' view, emphasizing the importance of understanding object permanence in developing attachment.

Question 20

Amy, a two-year-old, is often hit by her father who has a violent temper. Her father is a successful lawyer who provides his family with a decent lifestyle. However, he cannot control his anger and often lashes out on his family members. Amy is a victim of _____.

Accepted Answer

Amy is being hit by her father, which is a form of physical abuse. None of the other options apply to her situation.

Quiz 6: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development