Question 1

Howe, Toth, and Cicchetti (2012) also found that children could use directed forgetting to inhibit items that they were not supposed to remember.They also found that:

Accepted Answer

Howe, Toth, and Cicchetti (2012) found that children were better at inhibiting emotional items than neutral items using directed forgetting.

Question 2

Holliday, Reyna, and Brainerd (2008) examined the DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) effect in children age 7-13.They found that older children recalled more items correctly, but also showed more false memories.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately represents the findings of the study by Holliday, Reyna, and Brainerd (2008).

Question 3

Most infants cannot recognize the sound and meaning of familiar words
before their first birthday.

Accepted Answer

Most infants begin to recognize the sound and meaning of familiar words between 6 to 9 months of age, before their first birthday.

Question 4

de Graaff, Verhoeven, Bosman, and Hasselman (2007) showed that kindergarten-age children who were taught visual mnemonics to help them learn the letters of the alphabet:

Accepted Answer

The study found that the kindergarten-age children who were taught visual mnemonics had a quicker acquisition of the letters of the alphabet than those who were not taught visual mnemonics.

Question 5

In one study, it was found that 4-month-old children:

Accepted Answer

The study found that 4-month-old children looked more at upright photos of faces than upside-down photos of faces, indicating that they have a preference for processing upright faces, which could be an early indication of face recognition abilities. Option B talks about language preference, which is not covered in this study. Option C talks about object recognition based on auditory cues, which is also not covered in this study.

Question 6

Van Abbema and Bauer (2005) were able to get children to visit the lab at age 3 and then again around the age of 8 (varied from 7 to 9).They found that some children could accurately remember events that had taken place during the first visit.

Accepted Answer

Van Abbema and Bauer (2005) found that some children could accurately remember events from their visit to the lab at age 3 when they were visited again around the age of 8.

Question 7

In a study by Otgaar et al (2012), it was found that older children are more likely to show true memories based on schema-driven errors than younger children.

Accepted Answer

The study by Otgaar et al. (2012) actually found that younger children are more likely to show true memories based on schema-driven errors than older children. Older children and adults are better at distinguishing between true and false memories, partly due to their more developed cognitive abilities and understanding of context.

Question 8

Researchers can examine memory early in infancy by examining if an infant looks more at novel than familiar items.

Accepted Answer

This is true. Researchers use a technique called preferential looking to compare an infant's level of interest in a novel or familiar object. The amount of time the infant looks at each object can indicate whether they have memory of the familiar object or are more interested in the new object.

Question 9

Dora is 6-year-old.You would expect her to:

Accepted Answer

At 6 years old, children like Dora are expected to understand that other people have different knowledge and preferences, which is known as theory of mind, hence they would know a waiter wouldn't automatically know their food preferences (A). Children at this age are also more suggestible than older children, making them more likely to be influenced by others' suggestions (B). Additionally, a 6-year-old can recall events that happened 6 months earlier, as their memory and cognitive skills are sufficiently developed for this task (C). Therefore, all of the provided options are correct expectations for a 6-year-old.

Question 10

Babies as young as 1 month habituated to a particular phoneme, that is, their sucking rate decreased after hearing the phoneme over and over.When a new phoneme was played, their rate of sucking decreased.

Accepted Answer

When a new phoneme was played, the babies' rate of sucking increased, indicating renewed interest, not decreased. Habituation to a phoneme means they show less response to it over time, but a new stimulus (like a new phoneme) typically causes an increase in response, showing they notice the difference.

Question 11

Which of the following is true about early infant development of language?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that by 6 months of age, infants are able to distinguish between phonemes of their native language and similar sounds that are not present in their native language. This ability becomes more refined as they continue to develop their language skills. Option B is incorrect because infants at this age are not yet capable of recognizing orthography. Option C is also incorrect because verbal recall typically does not develop until later in infancy or early childhood.

Question 12

In a study by Otgaar et al (2012), it was found that:

Accepted Answer

The study by Otgaar et al found that older children are more susceptible to false memories based on schema-driven errors, whereas there was no significant difference in suggestibility or overconfidence between younger and older children. Therefore, only option C is correct.

Question 13

The talk that goes back and forth between a parent and a child concerning past events is referred to as memory interactions.

Accepted Answer

The talk between a parent and a child about past events is typically referred to as "reminiscing" or "narrative talk," not "memory interactions."

Question 14

Some evidence suggests that tip-of-the-tongue states:

Accepted Answer

Some studies suggest that tip-of-the-tongue states may occur in children as young as two or three years old, indicating that they do occur in children.

Question 15

Kisilevksy et al. (2003) showed that fetuses one to two weeks before birth recognized their mother's voice.This was accomplished by measuring differences in the infant's heart rate.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately reflects the findings of Kisilevsky et al. (2003).

Question 16

With respect to metacognitive control, second-graders are likely to spend less time studying items that they gave low JOLs to.

Accepted Answer

Second-graders may not have fully developed metacognitive skills, so they might not effectively use judgments of learning (JOLs) to allocate study time, often not spending less time on items they perceive as difficult.

Question 17

Otgaar, Smeets, and Peters (2012) repeatedly asked children age 7 to 9 about a true event (their first day of school) and a false event ( a visit to a burn center).In one condition, the children were given script knowledge about each of these events and in a control condition, they were not given such generalized information.They found that:

Accepted Answer

The study found that giving script knowledge in the form of semantic memory scripts increased the likelihood of false memories.

Question 18

Lucas is three years old.Based on what you know about memory strategies, you would expect him to:

Accepted Answer

At three years old, a child is most likely to use visual memory strategies such as keeping their eyes on the location of a hidden toy in order to later point to it. Eidetic imagery is also known as photographic memory and is not typically present in young children. Theory of mind development typically occurs around the age of four and involves understanding that others have different beliefs, desires, and emotions.

Question 19

Coffman et al. (2008) compared two groups of first-grade students based on whether their teachers focused on content versus process.They found that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Coffman et al. (2008) compared two groups...

Question 20

According to the research on false memory in older children, plausibility increases false memory in older children.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the research on false memory...

Quiz 11: Memory in Childhood