Question 1

Cleary et al. (2012) suspected that one potential cause of the déjà vu experience is misplaced familiarity.That is, a scene looks familiar because of its similarity to another scene that is in memory but that fails to be recalled.They tested this by:

Accepted Answer

Cleary et al. (2012) tested their hypothesis by making participants move through virtual three-dimensional environments using virtual reality glasses. They created some environments with identical geometry to others, which would promote a sense of déjà vu if misplaced familiarity was indeed the cause of the experience.

Question 2

Research on retrospective confidence and eyewitness memory show that if a witness is highly confident that his or her memory is false, this is given substantial weight by juries.

Accepted Answer

Research on retrospective confidence and eyewitness memory actually suggests that high levels of confidence can lead juries to give too much weight to eyewitness testimony, even when it is mistaken or inaccurate. Additionally, jurors may not fully understand the impact that factors like stress, leading questions, and time between the crime and the testimony can have on eyewitness memory.

Question 3

Judgments of forgetting are:

Accepted Answer

Judgments of forgetting are predictions made during the learning phase about whether an item currently being learned will be forgotten in the future.

Question 4

Allocation of study time refers to the manner in which people direct their study.

Accepted Answer

Allocation of study time indeed refers to the manner in which people direct their study. It involves setting priorities, deciding what subjects or topics to focus on, how much time to dedicate to each, and adapting study schedules to one's needs and goals.

Question 5

Gilda is visiting Israel for the first time.While passing by the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, she experiences a strong sense of déjà vu.What is one likely explanation on this experience based on your textbook's discussion?

Accepted Answer

According to the textbook, one likely explanation for a strong sense of déjà vu while visiting a new place is because the familiarity for the location probably arises from previous exposure in movies, documentaries, or other media.

Question 6

In Cleary et al (2012), participants move through virtual three-dimensional environments using virtual reality glasses.Participants negotiate a virtual bowling alley, airport, or junkyard, or other scenes throughout the experiment.They found that:

Accepted Answer

The study found that déjà vu experiences were more frequent for scenes that were configurally similar to earlier scenes, suggesting that familiarity based on configuration plays a role in déjà vu.

Question 7

Son and Metcalfe (2000) gave participants several short passages of text to study and told them to master all of them.The topics varied-some were about the use of bacteria in making beer whereas others were about Shakespeare's difficulties getting his first plays produced.Son and Metcalfe found that when participants had limited time, they concentrated on the easiest items to ensure that they would remember some materials.

Accepted Answer

This is a correct summary of the study conducted by Son and Metcalfe (2000). Participants focused on the easiest items to ensure that they would remember some materials when they had limited time to study.

Question 8

Rhodes and Tauber (2011) in a meta-analysis of the literature find that the monitoring dual-memories hypothesis accounts for a greater percentage of the delayed judgments of learning accuracy effect than does:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rhodes and Tauber (2011) in a meta-analysis...

Question 9

Sharlene, while studying, assesses the items she has been studying to determine if she has, in fact, learned them.This process of assessment is called metacognitive monitoring.

Accepted Answer

Metacognitive monitoring involves assessing one's own understanding, knowledge, and learning progress. Sharlene's assessment of the items she studied is an example of metacognitive monitoring.

Question 10

The "labor-in-vain" effect refers to the observation that participants will study more difficult items more than easy ones, but not enough to bridge the gap in recall between the two sets.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately reflects the "labor-in-vain" effect. Participants often spend more time studying harder items, but may still struggle to recall them as effectively as easier items.

Question 11

Agenda-based regulation refers to the view that:

Accepted Answer

Agenda-based regulation refers to the idea that participants actively form a plan or agenda for their learning goals and constraints. This plan guides their learning and decision-making processes.

Question 12

Research shows that both college students and middle-school students:

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that learners across different age groups, including college and middle-school students, tend to use region-of-proximal-learning strategies. This approach involves focusing on material that is neither too easy nor too difficult, but rather within an optimal challenge range that promotes learning.

Question 13

The déjà vu experience refers:

Accepted Answer

The déjà vu experience refers to the feeling that a new situation has been experienced before, making option D the correct answer. The other options refer to different memory phenomena but are not related to déjà vu.

Question 14

Dunlosky and Ariel (2011) were concerned about habitual learning, in which people follow simple rules that are not necessarily predictive of performance.They found that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dunlosky and Ariel (2011) were concerned about...

Question 15

Temporal-lobe amnesiacs' feeling of knowing accuracy remains abnormal even though their memory performance declines.

Accepted Answer

Temporal-lobe amnesiacs often retain a normal feeling of knowing accuracy despite their memory performance decline. This suggests that the feeling of knowing judgments are not entirely dependent on the same memory systems that are impaired in these individuals.

Question 16

Studies linking TOTs and retrieval time show that when participants are experiencing TOTs, they spend less time trying to retrieve an unrecalled target.

Accepted Answer

Studies on Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) phenomena typically find that when participants experience a TOT, they actually spend more time attempting to retrieve the unrecalled target word, indicating a heightened effort or belief that the word is retrievable.

Question 17

An experiment finds that feelings of knowing are influenced by unconscious access of the remembered target.The direct access theory supports this finding.

Accepted Answer

The direct access theory suggests that feelings of knowing are based on the direct retrieval of information about the target, not on unconscious access.

Question 18

Rhodes and Castel (2008) examined several perceptual features, such as the size of the words for which people were making JOLs.They found that the size of the font can artificially lower the JOLs given to studied items.

Accepted Answer

Rhodes and Castel (2008) found that the size of the font can artificially inflate the JOLs (judgments of learning) given to studied items, suggesting that larger font sizes lead people to believe they will remember the information better.

Question 19

Agenda-based regulation refers to the view that participants initially develop a plan of study, which includes both their study goals and their study constraints.

Accepted Answer

Agenda-based regulation is a real concept and it means that participants make a plan of study that outlines their goals and constraints beforehand.

Question 20

Henry is learning American Sign Language (ASL).While conversing in ASL, he cannot remember the sign for "mosquito," though he is sure he knows it.This experience might be classified as:

Accepted Answer

The "tip-of-the-finger" experience is analogous to the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon, but it applies to sign language users who feel they know a sign but cannot recall it at the moment.

Quiz 9: Metamemory