Question 1

Which term is defined as the characteristic mood,activity level,and emotional reactivity of an infant

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the innate characteristics that determine an individual's characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity. Personality refers to a more overarching set of traits and patterns of behavior that develop over time and are shaped by both innate predispositions and environmental factors. Behavioral qualities and attachment are related but distinct concepts, with behavioral qualities typically referring to observable patterns of behavior and attachment referring to the emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver.

Question 2

To determine whether early weaning has an influence on later personality,you design a study where you monitor 100 infants from the time they are born until they complete elementary school.What type of study is this

Accepted Answer

This study is a longitudinal study because it follows the same group of individuals over time to observe changes and development from infancy to elementary school.

Question 3

In a culture where infants are carried everywhere,what would you predict in terms of the age at which children begin to walk in that culture

Accepted Answer

In cultures where infants are carried everywhere, they have less opportunity to practice movements that are crucial for developing the motor skills necessary for walking. This lack of practice can lead to a delay in the age at which they begin to walk compared to children in cultures where they have more motor freedom and opportunities to move independently.

Question 4

Which of the following is a teratogen

Accepted Answer

Stress can be a teratogen as it can lead to negative effects on fetal development, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays. Herbal tea and white sugar are not necessarily teratogens, depending on the type and amount consumed. Endorphins are natural bodily chemicals and are not teratogens.

Question 5

Alice is a generally happy baby and until recently she interacted very well with anyone who would come to visit.She didn't mind being picked up or held by anyone,and she did not get upset if her mother left the room.Recently,however,she has been quite clingy with her mother and doesn't want to be held by people who are not really familiar to her.Which of the following age ranges fits Alice's behaviour

Accepted Answer

Alice's behavior is indicative of the developmental stage known as "stranger anxiety," which typically begins around 6-8 months of age. At this stage, babies start to show a preference for familiar people and may become anxious or upset around strangers.

Question 6

Sophia is very worried about the development of her daughter,especially regarding major changes like rolling over,sitting up,and walking.Sophia has been given a list by her pediatrician indicating the median age at which children typically exhibit such abilities.Sophia's daughter typically exhibits the various abilities approximately one month after the ages noted on the list.What should Sophia's pediatrician tell her about her concerns

Accepted Answer

The fact that Sophia's daughter is exhibiting the various abilities approximately one month after the ages noted on the list indicates that she is still developing at a rate that is within the range of normal. Developmental milestones are just guidelines, and every child develops at their own pace. As long as her daughter is eventually reaching these milestones, there is no cause for concern.

Question 7

Which of the following early developmental factors has been associated with risk of heart disease in adulthood

Accepted Answer

Low birth weight has been associated with increased risk of heart disease in adulthood. Studies have shown that low birth weight is a marker for fetal growth restriction, which may lead to changes in the structure and function of the heart, as well as other organs like the kidneys and blood vessels. Gestational diabetes, maternal stress, and heroin exposure may also have negative effects on fetal development, but they are not as strongly associated with increased risk of heart disease in adulthood.

Question 8

According to Thomas and Chess's research on infant temperament,which type of temperament is most common

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas and Chess's research, easy temperament is the most common type of temperament, seen in approximately 40% of infants. Anxious temperament, difficult temperament, and slow-to-warm-up temperament are less common, each seen in approximately 10% of infants.

Question 9

To determine whether a new teaching method is effective for children who struggle with math,you design a study where you implement the method with a group of six-year olds,a group of eight-year olds,and a group of ten-year olds.What type of study is this

Accepted Answer

This is a cross-sectional study because it examines different age groups at one point in time to see how they differ in response to the teaching method, rather than observing the same subjects over a period of time or without manipulating any variables.

Question 10

You're conducting a study to determine whether children can learn to use a new type of educational software on a touch-screen tablet computer.You try the software in a group of ten-year-olds and a group of eight-year-olds and are surprised to find that the younger children perform better with the new software.You then find out that the younger group had been exposed to touch-screen tablets in the first grade,but the technology wasn't available when the older group had been in first grade.Which of the following effects has had an impact on your research results

Accepted Answer

The cohort effect refers to the influence that a shared experience or exposure to certain events or factors has on a particular group of individuals. In this case, the younger group had been exposed to touch-screen tablets in the first grade, which may have given them an advantage in using the new educational software on the tablet computer. The older group did not have this same exposure, which could account for their lower performance on the software.

Question 11

What is considered to be a weakness of Erikson's psychosocial theory

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory has been criticized for providing an idealized, almost stereotypical description of typical developmental patterns, without accounting for individual variations or contextual factors that can impact personality development.

Question 12

Which type of study is most sensitive to developmental changes

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal study is the best choice as it follows the same group of individuals over a period of time, making it highly sensitive to developmental changes. By measuring changes within individuals over time, it is possible to distinguish between developmental changes and individual differences. Cross-sectional studies, naturalistic observation, and case studies only provide a snapshot of a particular point in time and do not track changes over time.

Question 13

In Harlow's studies of attachment in infant monkeys,which "mother" did the monkeys seek out when frightened or otherwise distressed

Accepted Answer

Harlow's studies showed that infant monkeys sought comfort and security from the cloth-covered mother even when the feeding mother was present. This demonstrated that attachment is not only based on provision of food but also on the provision of comfort and safety.

Question 14

Which term is defined as close,emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

Accepted Answer

Attachment is defined as the emotional bond that develops between infants and their caregivers. Temperament refers to a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. Disinhibition is the reduction or loss of inhibitions or self-restraint. Bonding refers to the process of forming emotional ties between parent and child, but is not specifically tied to infants and their caregivers.

Question 15

What did Bowlby assert that adults are programmed by evolutionary forces to do in response to infants and small children

Accepted Answer

Bowlby asserted that adults are programmed by evolutionary forces to be captivated by the behavior of infants and small children and respond with warmth, love, and protection. This is crucial for their survival and development.

Question 16

What type of temperament would you say that one-year-old Jasmina has if the only information you have concerning her is that she is wary or hesitant when having a new experience

Accepted Answer

Jasmina's behavior of being wary or hesitant in new experiences is characteristic of a slow-to-warm-up temperament. Children with this temperament tend to be cautious and take their time when adapting to new situations. It is important to note that temperament is not a fixed trait and can change over time with different experiences and interventions.

Question 17

Ahlam is 10 years old and has serious emotional and behaviour problems that require counselling.Based on research conducted by Thomas and Chess,what type of temperament would Alham have been most likely to display in infancy

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas and Chess, a difficult temperament is characterized by emotional intensity, irritability, and irregularity. These traits may manifest in difficulties with emotional regulation and behaviour problems in childhood, which aligns with Ahlam's current situation.

Question 18

Jerome Kagan's research on temperament focused on children who displayed traits at opposite ends of a spectrum.What were these temperaments called

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan's research on temperament focused on children who displayed either inhibited or uninhibited temperaments. These terms describe children's responses to unfamiliar situations, with inhibited children being shy and fearful, and uninhibited children being outgoing and unafraid.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the main aspects of temperament outlined in your text

Accepted Answer

The main aspects of temperament outlined in the text are mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity. Intellect is not included as one of the main aspects.

Question 20

What has been consistently demonstrated in research on infant attachment

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that attachment is not prominent during the early months of life, and infants typically begin to show a preference for their primary caregivers, often their mothers, around 6-8 months of age.

Quiz 11: B: Human Development Across the Life Span