Question 1

Which model of memory is most consistent with the finding that there is a localized neural circuit in a rabbit's brain that corresponds with the rabbit's memory of a conditioned eye blink response?

Accepted Answer

The connectionist model, also known as the neural network model, is most consistent with the finding of a localized neural circuit for memory, as it emphasizes the role of neural connections in storing and retrieving memories, similar to the described conditioned eye blink response in rabbits.

Question 2

On your way to your psychology class, you pass a newsstand where a tabloid headline reads "Brazen Starlet Seduces Pop Star." When you get to class, your professor is doing a demonstration about memory and asks you to complete a series of word stems. Although most of your class completes the stem br____ with "bread" or "broke," you complete it as "brazen." You don't actually recall reading that word, and you're not sure why it popped into your mind. What does this example illustrate?

Accepted Answer

This example illustrates implicit memory, which is the unconscious influence of prior experience on current behavior. The word "brazen" may have been unconsciously stored in your memory from briefly glancing at the tabloid headline.

Question 3

Psychologists who accept the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse are most likely to attribute the recent upsurge in recovered memories to which factor?

Accepted Answer

Psychologists who believe in the accuracy of recovered memories often attribute the increase in such memories to a greater societal willingness to discuss and acknowledge abuse, reflecting an increased sensitivity to an issue that was previously taboo or ignored.

Question 4

A 45-year-old woman suddenly becomes aware of long-forgotten memories of being abused by her father when she was 6 years old. Her father denies the allegations. This case can be described as a typical example associated with which controversy?

Accepted Answer

The sudden recollection of previously forgotten memories of abuse, often involving family members, is a key characteristic of the recovered memory controversy. In this controversy, there is debate about the accuracy and validity of memories that are retrieved during therapy or later in life, particularly when they involve allegations of abuse that were not previously reported or remembered.

Question 5

Which memory phenomenon provides evidence to suggest that recovered memories may be false?

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect is the phenomenon where misleading information presented after an event can alter a person's memory of that event. This suggests that recovered memories, especially those that contain details that were not originally reported or remembered, may be false memories influenced by post-event information.

Question 6

What is the term for the hypothetical process during which information is converted into durable long-term memory codes?

Accepted Answer

The term for the hypothetical process during which information is converted into durable long-term memory codes is consolidation. Storage refers to holding information in memory, retention refers to keeping information in memory after it has been stored, and expansion is not a term commonly used in the context of memory processes.

Question 7

If you are in a city that you haven't visited in years, and you easily find your way to the mall "on a hunch," what are you most likely relying on?

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory is the type of memory that is responsible for automatic processing of information without conscious awareness. In this case, the individual is able to find their way to the mall on a hunch without consciously thinking about their previous visit or looking at a map, indicating the use of implicit memory. Explicit memory and declarative memory involve conscious recollection of information, and working memory involves holding and manipulating information in the present moment, none of which are necessary for navigating to the mall on a hunch.

Question 8

According to Daniel Schacter, what is the significance of the 'memory sins' that he has described?

Accepted Answer

According to Daniel Schacter, memory sins are a natural by-product of the memory system which normally functions very efficiently. They are not indicators of disease or disorder, nor are they evidence that memory should not be trusted, but rather they are inconvenient mistakes that occur due to the nature of how our memory works.

Question 9

Which of the following is reflected in Sigmund Freud's concept of repression?

Accepted Answer

Repression refers to the unconscious blocking of memories, impulses, or emotions that are deemed too painful or unacceptable. Retrieval failure refers to the inability to access stored information from long-term memory. While interference and ineffective encoding can also affect memory retrieval, they are not specific to Freud's concept of repression. Decay refers to the gradual fading of memories over time if they are not rehearsed or retrieved, which is not relevant to repression either.

Question 10

According to various lines of recent research, what type of memory is associated with areas in the prefrontal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Working memory is associated with areas in the prefrontal cortex. Studies have shown that damage to the prefrontal cortex affects working memory performance, while other types of memory such as procedural and declarative are associated with different brain areas. Long-term memory is a general term that encompasses both procedural and declarative memory.

Question 11

Which area of the brain, adjacent to the hippocampus, appears to be critical to the formation of memories for learned fears and other emotional memories?

Accepted Answer

The amygdala, located adjacent to the hippocampus, has been extensively studied and is known to play a critical role in the formation and storage of emotional memories, including learned fears.

Question 12

There have been numerous case studies of recovered memories for which there is clear evidence that the recovered memory is false. Which of the following perspectives is weakened by such evidence?

Accepted Answer

The evidence of false recovered memories weakens the perspective of psychodynamic repression, which suggests that traumatic memories are repressed and kept in the unconscious mind. If the recovered memories are false, it suggests that they were not truly repressed but may have been suggested or implanted through other means.

Question 13

Which of the following is suggested about a memory trace, based on evidence about long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is suggested about...

Question 14

Following a serious car accident in which both Hank and Ron suffer head injuries, they both have amnesia. Hank cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Ron cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Which types of amnesia are they experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Hank's amnesia is retrograde because he cannot remember events that occurred before the accident. Ron's amnesia is anterograde because he cannot remember events that occurred after the accident.

Question 15

According to the consolidation view, where is memory stored after the consolidation of a long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

According to the consolidation view, long-term memories are stored in the cerebral cortex after they are consolidated in the hippocampus.

Question 16

Which area of the brain is associated with the consolidation of long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

The hippocampal region, which includes the hippocampus and adjacent structures, is important for the consolidation of long-term memories.

Question 17

Steven experienced a serious head injury during a hockey game. When he regained consciousness, he found that he couldn't remember going to the rink that day. Upon further questioning, it was revealed that he could not recall anything in the two years leading up to the injury. What sort of amnesia did Steven experience?

Accepted Answer

Steven is experiencing retrograde amnesia because he cannot recall past events leading up to the injury.

Question 18

Your professor tells you that the final exam for the course will be a short-essay style of exam, and that you should study for the exam by trying to understand concepts and applications of the material rather than trying to memorize definitions or a series of facts. Which of the following is consistent with your professor's advice?

Accepted Answer

Transfer-appropriate processing is consistent with the professor's advice as it focuses on the use of the material rather than just recalling specific facts or definitions. It involves matching the way information is learned to the way it will be tested, which can be achieved by understanding concepts and applications. State-dependent learning, reconstruction, and reality monitoring are not specifically focused on understanding material, but rather focus on factors such as context or memory accuracy.

Question 19

Your text described the case of H.M. who, following brain surgery, developed a severe case of anterograde amnesia. Which of the following memory tasks could he NOT do after the surgery?

Accepted Answer

H.M. developed anterograde amnesia, which means he was unable to consolidate new long-term memories. Therefore, he could not form new long-term memories after the surgery.

Question 20

At Debbie's 20th high school reunion, her old friends talk about the time in Grade 11 when Debbie tripped in the cafeteria and spilled her lunch tray full of spaghetti all over the captain of the football team. Debbie enjoys hearing the story, but claims to have no memory of the event. According to Sigmund Freud, what causes her lack of memory for the event?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, repression is a defense mechanism that the ego uses to push traumatic or anxiety-inducing memories into the unconscious mind in order to protect the individual from experiencing the negative emotions associated with those memories. Debbie's lack of memory for the embarrassing event could be attributed to the repression of the memory.

Quiz 7: B: Human Memory