Question 1

Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is best described as
A)temporary.
B)permanent.
C)flexible.
D)rigid.

Accepted Answer

According to the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is temporary. This means that initially, the hippocampus is heavily involved in forming new memories and retrieving old ones, but over time, as the memories become more consolidated, the role of the hippocampus diminishes and other brain regions take over.

Question 2

People with amnesia often show preserved implicit learning and nondeclarative memory.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that individuals with amnesia, who have impaired declarative memory, can exhibit preserved implicit learning and nondeclarative memory. This includes skills such as playing musical instruments, riding a bike or learning new motor sequences.

Question 3

Semantic memory is a kind of declarative memory that concerns events we recall from our own lives.

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory actually pertains to factual information and general knowledge, as opposed to autobiographical events.

Question 4

Herpes simplex encephalitis shares which characteristic with semantic dementia?
A)a similar prevalence rate
B)potential damage to the anterior temporal lobe
C)viral transmission
D)hippocampal atrophy

Accepted Answer

The answer of Herpes simplex encephalitis shares which characteristic with...

Question 5

In the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model, information can be lost by both decay and interference at each stage.

Accepted Answer

According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model, information can be lost through decay (fading away over time) and interference (being disrupted or confused with other information) at each stage.

Question 6

Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that
A)memory structures in the brain are similar in function in the left and right hemispheres.
B)encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres.
C)implicit memory function is localized primarily to the left hemisphere, whereas explicit memory is localized to the right hemisphere.
D)working memory information is processed primarily in the left hemisphere.

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging studies have shown that different regions in the left and right hemispheres of the brain are activated during encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory. For example, the left hemisphere is typically more involved in verbal memory, while the right hemisphere is more involved in visual memory. This suggests that memory function may be lateralized to different hemispheres.

Question 7

Long-term potentiation does NOT occur unless the neurotransmitter ________ is present in the synapse to bind to postsynaptic NMDA receptors.
A)GABA
B)norepinephrine
C)serotonin
D)glutamate

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a type of synaptic plasticity that involves the strengthening of synapses between neurons. It requires a specific neurotransmitter, glutamate to activate the postsynaptic NMDA receptors. This activation allows for calcium influx and subsequent molecular changes that result in the strengthening of the synapse. The other neurotransmitters listed (GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin) do not directly activate NMDA receptors and are not necessary for LTP to occur.

Question 8

Hebbian learning occurs when
A)a synapse is strengthened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
B)a synapse is weakened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
C)short-term memories represented in the hippocampus are consolidated to the cortex.
D)short-term memories represented in the cortex are consolidated to the hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

Hebbian learning is a type of synaptic plasticity where the strength of a synapse is modified based on the correlated activity of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons. Specifically, when the presynaptic neuron repeatedly and consistently fires just before the postsynaptic neuron, it strengthens the synapse, which is called long-term potentiation (LTP). This process is known as Hebbian learning, named after the Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb.

Question 9

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle ________, which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from ________, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.
A)acquisition; consolidation
B)consolidation; acquisition
C)recollection; familiarity
D)familiarity; recollection

Accepted Answer

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle recollection, which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from familiarity, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of NMDA receptors in mediating LTP in the brain?
A)NMDA receptors are critical to inducing LTP but not to maintaining LTP.
B)NMDA receptors block LTP in the brain unless magnesium ions are present.
C)NMDA receptors are depolarized by the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
D)NMDA receptors create LTP by transporting magnesium ions from outside the cell into the cell.

Accepted Answer

NMDA receptors are critical in inducing LTP, but not necessarily in maintaining it. Once LTP has been established, other mechanisms such as changes in gene expression or protein synthesis maintain the strengthened connections between neurons.

Question 11

Patient H.M. had severe retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Patient H.M. had severe anterograde amnesia, meaning he was unable to form new memories after his surgery, not retrograde amnesia, which would have affected his ability to recall memories from before the surgery.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes a component of the multiple trace theory?
A)The hippocampus plays a temporary role in the consolidation of long-term memories.
B)Episodic memory relies on the hippocampus for retrieval.
C)Short-term memory stores rely solely on the neocortex.
D)Semantic memory relies on the hippocampus for retrieval.

Accepted Answer

The multiple trace theory posits that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of episodic memories, suggesting that these memories are not solely stored in the neocortex but also rely on the hippocampus for retrieval.

Question 13

Under the multiple trace theory, the neocortex is to semantic memory as the hippocampus is to
A)procedural memory.
B)relational memory.
C)semantic memory.
D)episodic memory.

Accepted Answer

According to the multiple trace theory, the hippocampus is responsible for initial encoding and consolidation of episodic memories, while semantic memories are stored in the neocortex. Therefore, the neocortex is not directly related to the hippocampus in the same way as semantic memory.

Question 14

Patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus typically do not have difficulty performing short-term memory tasks such as the digit span.

Accepted Answer

The medial temporal lobe and hippocampus are primarily involved in the formation of new long-term memories, rather than short-term or working memory tasks like the digit span test, which patients with damage in these areas can typically perform without significant difficulty.

Question 15

Imagine that a new drug is discovered that acts by depleting the brain of free magnesium ions. How would this drug affect long-term potentiation (LTP)?
A)The amount of LTP would increase.
B)The amount of LTP would decrease.
C)The amount of LTP would not change.
D)The amount of LTP would first decrease, then increase.

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process involved in the strengthening of synaptic connections, which is crucial for learning and memory. A key step in the induction of LTP is the influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) through NMDA receptors, which are normally blocked by magnesium ions (Mg2+). If a drug depletes the brain of free magnesium ions, NMDA receptors would be less blocked, allowing more calcium to enter neurons and potentially increasing the amount of LTP.

Question 16

When individuals encode information that relates to themselves, which of following regions is particularly likely to be active?
A)occipital lobe
B)amygdala
C)retrosplenial cortex
D)parahippocampal cortex

Accepted Answer

The retrosplenial cortex is involved in processing self-referential information and is active when individuals encode information related to themselves.

Question 17

After a brain injury, a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia. Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?
A)the medial temporal lobes
B)the anterior temporal lobes
C)the superior parietal lobes
D)the dorsolateral frontal lobes

Accepted Answer

The anterior temporal lobes are associated with the storage of long-term memories, and damage to this area can lead to retrograde amnesia, where past memories are lost.

Question 18

Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items, the hippocampus is most active
A)for items that are correctly recollected as old items.
B)for items that are incorrectly recollected as old items.
C)for items that are correctly rejected as new items.
D)for items that are incorrectly rejected as new items.

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging studies have consistently shown that the hippocampus is most active during the retrieval of information that was correctly recollected as old items. This suggests that the hippocampus plays a critical role in supporting recollection-based memory retrieval.

Question 19

Greater activity in the frontal and parietal portions of the retrieval network is to __________ as greater activity in the medial temporal lobe and sensory areas is to __________.
A)false memories; true memories
B)true memories; false memories
C)encoding; decoding
D)decoding; encoding

Accepted Answer

Greater activity in the frontal and parietal regions is associated with the retrieval processes involved in false memories, while the medial temporal lobe and sensory areas are more active during the retrieval of true memories.

Question 20

Consider the binding-of-items-and-contexts (BIC) model. The perirhinal cortex is to the parahippocampal cortex as __________ is to __________.
A)retrieval; relational memory
B)relational memory; retrieval
C)who and what; when and where
D)when and where; who and what

Accepted Answer

The BIC model suggests that the perirhinal cortex is involved in processing information about objects (who and what), while the parahippocampal cortex is involved in processing contextual information (when and where).

Quiz 9: Memory

Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is best described as

People with amnesia often show preserved implicit learning and nondeclarative memory.

Semantic memory is a kind of declarative memory that concerns events we recall from our own lives.

Herpes simplex encephalitis shares which characteristic with semantic dementia?

In the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model, information can be lost by both decay and interference at each stage.

Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that

Long-term potentiation does NOT occur unless the neurotransmitter ________ is present in the synapse to bind to postsynaptic NMDA receptors.

Hebbian learning occurs when

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle , which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from , which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of NMDA receptors in mediating LTP in the brain?

Patient H.M. had severe retrograde amnesia.

Which of the following best describes a component of the multiple trace theory?

Under the multiple trace theory, the neocortex is to semantic memory as the hippocampus is to

Patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus typically do not have difficulty performing short-term memory tasks such as the digit span.

Imagine that a new drug is discovered that acts by depleting the brain of free magnesium ions. How would this drug affect long-term potentiation (LTP) ?

When individuals encode information that relates to themselves, which of following regions is particularly likely to be active?

After a brain injury, a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia. Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?

Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items, the hippocampus is most active

Greater activity in the frontal and parietal portions of the retrieval network is to as greater activity in the medial temporal lobe and sensory areas is to .

Consider the binding-of-items-and-contexts (BIC) model. The perirhinal cortex is to the parahippocampal cortex as is to .