Question 1

In classical conditioning, an association is learned between the ____.
A) neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (which initially does not elicit a response) becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus (which naturally elicits a response), leading to the conditioned response being elicited by the conditioned stimulus alone. Therefore, the association is learned between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 2

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the US is ____.
A) cat food
B) the cat's excitement
C) the sound of the can opener
D) the cat

Accepted Answer

The US (unconditioned stimulus) is the cat food because it naturally (without any prior learning) causes the cat's excitement (the unconditioned response). The sound of the can opener becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with the cat food.

Question 3

Molly automatically feels happy every time she has pizza for dinner. Molly's mom always gets her pizza from The Pizza Shoppe. At first, pulling into The Pizza Shoppe parking lot does not affect the way Molly feels. But after a while, Molly starts to feel happy just when the car turns into The Pizza Shoppe lot because she knows it means they will have pizza for dinner. In this example, The Pizza Shoppe parking lot is the ____.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The Pizza Shoppe parking lot has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus (pizza for dinner) and now elicits a conditioned response (feeling happy). Therefore, it is the conditioned stimulus.

Question 4

In Pavlov's original studies, salivation to meat was a(n) ____, and salivation to a buzzer was a(n) ____.
A) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
B) unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response; conditioned response
D) conditioned response; conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's studies, salivation to meat was an unconditioned response because it is a natural, unlearned reaction to food. Salivation to a buzzer, which initially did not cause salivation, became a conditioned response after the buzzer was repeatedly paired with the presentation of meat.

Question 5

Although hunger naturally occurs in response to an empty stomach, we can easily become conditioned to feel hunger at certain times of the day due to classical conditioning. In this case, the US would be the ____.
A) time of day
B) eating
C) food
D) empty stomach

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although hunger naturally occurs in response to...

Question 6

Which of the following examples illustrate a US-UR pair?
A) Swearing in front of your parent leads to a spanking.
B) Going to work leads to a paycheck.
C) An air puff in the eye elicits an eye blink.
D) Earning good grades leads to a college scholarship.

Accepted Answer

An air puff in the eye elicits an eye blink is an example of a US-UR pair because it involves an unconditioned stimulus (US) - the air puff, leading to an unconditioned response (UR) - the eye blink, which is a reflexive, automatic reaction.

Question 7

Joseph goes out with his friends for pizza. Unbeknownst to him, he is coming down with a stomach virus. When the nausea associated with the virus kicks in, he vomits. Now, Joseph cannot even look at a pizza without feeling nauseous. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is ____.
A) the friends
B) vomiting
C) the pizza
D) the flu

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the pizza because it is what Joseph now associates with feeling nauseous after vomiting due to his stomach virus.

Question 8

Sam recently lost his grandmother. Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear. In this example, Sam's sadness is the ____.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) neutral stimulus

Accepted Answer

Sam's sadness is a conditioned response because it is a learned emotional reaction to the specific stimulus (the perfume) that became associated with his grandmother.

Question 9

_______________ is said to have occurred when a stimulus begins to cause any response whereas it had not revealed any particular response previously.
A) Operant conditioning
B) Stimulus discrimination
C) Extinction
D) Classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

This is a clear explanation of classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus begins to elicit a response due to its association with an unconditional stimulus. Choices A and C refer to different principles of learning, while choice B refers to the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli.

Question 10

When Ivan Pavlov noticed that his dogs were salivating even before they were presented with meat, he ____.
A) gathered another group of dogs to determine if they would do the same thing
B) conducted research showing that his dogs could exhibit other types of behaviors in response to the presentation of meat
C) attempted to see if the dogs could learn to salivate to several different types of stimuli
D) abandoned his research and began studying operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Pavlov attempted to see if the dogs could learn to salivate to several different types of stimuli, including a bell or a buzzer, demonstrating classical conditioning.

Question 11

Sarah was bitten by a dog, which naturally was a very scary experience. Now, when Sarah even hears a dog barking, she feels afraid. In this example, dog barking is the ____.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The dog bite is the unconditioned stimulus, which naturally elicits fear (unconditioned response). However, after being repeatedly paired with the dog bite, the sound of a dog barking becomes a conditioned stimulus that now also elicits fear (conditioned response). Therefore, the correct answer is B, conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

In classical conditioning, contiguity is to ____ as contingency is to ____.
A) strength and power; time and sequence
B) consistency and reliability; strength and power
C) time and sequence; consistency and reliability
D) strength and power; consistency and reliability

Accepted Answer

Contiguity refers to the time and sequence of the pairing of the stimuli (e.g., the bell and the food in Pavlov's experiment).

Contingency, on the other hand, refers to the consistency and reliability of the relationship between the stimuli and the response (e.g., the bell predicts the arrival of the food).

Therefore, the correct answer is C, as it correctly matches contiguity with time and sequence, and contingency with consistency and reliability.

Question 13

Sam recently lost his grandmother. Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear. In this example, the loss of his grandmother is the ____.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The loss of his grandmother is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicits an emotional response (sadness) without prior conditioning.

Question 14

In Pavlov's original studies, ____ is treated as the unconditioned stimulus.
A) the meat
B) salivation
C) the buzzer
D) digestion

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's original studies, the meat was treated as the unconditioned stimulus because it triggers an automatic, unlearned response (salivation) in the dogs.

Question 15

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the neutral stimulus is ____.
A) cat food
B) the cat's excitement
C) the sound of the can opener
D) the cat

Accepted Answer

The neutral stimulus is the sound of the can opener, as it did not previously elicit a response from the cat.

Question 16

The neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original studies was ____.
A) the meat
B) salivation
C) digestion
D) the buzzer

Accepted Answer

The neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original studies was the buzzer, which had no association with salivation before conditioning.

Question 17

Yanna used to date a man who wore a lime-scented aftershave. Yanna was very attracted to this man, and now when she smells the scent of lime, she finds herself feeling slightly aroused. In this example, the man Yanna used to date is the ____.
A) US
B) CS
C) UR
D) CR

Accepted Answer

The man Yanna used to date is the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) because he naturally elicited a response of attraction without any prior conditioning.

Question 18

When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, ____ has occurred.
A) classical conditioning
B) spontaneous recovery
C) operant conditioning
D) latent learning

Accepted Answer

When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, classical conditioning has occurred. This happens when the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to the neutral stimulus acquiring the ability to elicit a conditioned response.

Question 19

A neutral stimulus is defined as one that ____.
A) does not naturally elicit a particular unconditioned response
B) neither punishes nor rewards
C) is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
D) is not influenced by other stimuli

Accepted Answer

A neutral stimulus is one that does not naturally elicit a particular unconditioned response. It only becomes a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Question 20

All examples of classical conditioning begin with a preexisting relationship between the ____.
A) unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UCR), with a neutral stimulus (NS). As a result of this pairing, the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) which elicits a conditioned response (CR) that is similar to the UCR. Therefore, the preexisting relationship is between the UCS and the UCR.

Quiz 6: Learning

In classical conditioning, an association is learned between the ____.

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the US is ____.

In Pavlov's original studies, salivation to meat was a(n) , and salivation to a buzzer was a(n) .

Although hunger naturally occurs in response to an empty stomach, we can easily become conditioned to feel hunger at certain times of the day due to classical conditioning. In this case, the US would be the ____.

Which of the following examples illustrate a US-UR pair?

Joseph goes out with his friends for pizza. Unbeknownst to him, he is coming down with a stomach virus. When the nausea associated with the virus kicks in, he vomits. Now, Joseph cannot even look at a pizza without feeling nauseous. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is ____.

Sam recently lost his grandmother. Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear. In this example, Sam's sadness is the ____.

_______________ is said to have occurred when a stimulus begins to cause any response whereas it had not revealed any particular response previously.

When Ivan Pavlov noticed that his dogs were salivating even before they were presented with meat, he ____.

Sarah was bitten by a dog, which naturally was a very scary experience. Now, when Sarah even hears a dog barking, she feels afraid. In this example, dog barking is the ____.

In classical conditioning, contiguity is to as contingency is to .

Sam recently lost his grandmother. Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear. In this example, the loss of his grandmother is the ____.

In Pavlov's original studies, ____ is treated as the unconditioned stimulus.

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the neutral stimulus is ____.

The neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original studies was ____.

Yanna used to date a man who wore a lime-scented aftershave. Yanna was very attracted to this man, and now when she smells the scent of lime, she finds herself feeling slightly aroused. In this example, the man Yanna used to date is the ____.

When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, ____ has occurred.

A neutral stimulus is defined as one that ____.

All examples of classical conditioning begin with a preexisting relationship between the ____.