Question 1

Which item is the best analogy to the negative feedback loop involved in primary drives?
A) A toaster
B) A computer
C) A thermostat
D) A TV

Accepted Answer

A thermostat is the best analogy for negative feedback loops involved in primary drives because it regulates the temperature in a room by detecting a change from the set temperature and responding by either turning on or turning off the heating/cooling system. Similarly, negative feedback loops involved in primary drives detect deviations from a set-point (e.g. hunger, thirst) and respond by either increasing or decreasing the drive or motivation until the set point is reached. This is similar to a thermostat maintaining a set temperature in a room. A toaster, computer, and TV do not involve negative feedback loops in the same way as a thermostat or primary drives.

Question 2

The concept of drive reduction best explains ____ drives.
A) learned
B) secondary
C) instinctual
D) primary

Accepted Answer

Drive reduction theory suggests that primary drives, such as hunger, thirst, and tiredness, motivate behavior by creating a state of tension in the body. The behavior is then directed towards reducing or satisfying the drive, thereby restoring homeostasis.

Question 3

Maintaining bodily processes at a state of equilibrium is known as achieving ____.
A) homeostasis
B) homogeneity
C) arousal
D) impulse control

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes. This involves regulating various bodily processes such as temperature, fluid balance, and pH levels, among others. Achieving homeostasis allows for optimal functioning of the body and overall health. Homogeneity refers to uniformity or sameness, and is not related to bodily processes. Arousal refers to a state of heightened physical and mental alertness or excitement, and impulse control refers to the ability to regulate one's actions and behavior.

Question 4

Karl is batting in a championship baseball game with the bases loaded, two outs, and the winning run on third base with the crowd screaming. Karl is anxious and sweating. According to arousal theory, he is likely to show ____.
A) underarousal
B) overarousal
C) no arousal
D) optimal arousal

Accepted Answer

Arousal theory suggests that when faced with high-pressure situations, individuals may experience an overarousal response, leading to feelings of anxiety and stress. In this scenario, it is likely that Karl is experiencing overarousal due to the high stakes and pressure of the championship game.

Question 5

Guillermo feels best when he is sitting in a Japanese garden feeding the koi in the ponds. Knowing what you know about arousal and motivation, at what level of arousal will Guillermo most likely perform his best?
A) A level of arousal that is below average
B) A level of arousal that is highly above average
C) An average level of arousal
D) An above average level of arousal

Accepted Answer

Guillermo's preference for a calm and serene activity like feeding koi in a Japanese garden suggests he performs best at a lower level of arousal. This aligns with the Yerkes-Dodson law, which posits that for simple or well-learned tasks, a lower level of arousal can lead to better performance.

Question 6

According to arousal theory, those who engage in physical activities that are extremely risky or dangerous are ____.
A) attempting to reduce physical tension
B) seeking high levels of physiological arousal
C) fulfilling an instinctual need
D) satisfying a social desire to compete with others

Accepted Answer

Arousal theory suggests that individuals seek activities that provide them with a high level of physiological arousal. Engaging in dangerous or risky activities, such as extreme sports or skydiving, can provide this kind of arousal. Such activities can be thrilling and exciting for some people, and they may seek them out as a way of increasing their level of arousal.

Question 7

Drive reduction theorists developed the notion of secondary drives to help explain ____.
A) behaviors that are not directly related to survival
B) thrill-seeking behaviors
C) the desire to procreate
D) behaviors that are innate, but not necessary for survival

Accepted Answer

Secondary drives are learned or acquired drives that are not directly related to survival, such as the desire for social acceptance or achievement.

Question 8

Arousal theories of motivation state that ____.
A) arousal drives us toward engaging in survival-related behaviors
B) we all seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal
C) we are all motivated to maximize our arousal
D) arousal drives are driven by society, not the individual

Accepted Answer

Arousal theories of motivation suggest that individuals seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal, which can vary from person to person. When arousal levels are too low, individuals may be motivated to engage in behaviors that increase arousal, while when arousal levels are too high, individuals may be motivated to engage in behaviors that decrease arousal. The ultimate goal is to achieve an optimal level of arousal that is comfortable and satisfying for the individual.

Question 9

Those who view motivation as a drive distinguish between primary drives, which are ____, and secondary drives, which are ____.
A) important; unimportant
B) biological; learned
C) cognitive; emotional
D) fulfilled by ourselves; fulfilled by the actions of others

Accepted Answer

According to the drive theory of motivation, primary drives are biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sleep. Secondary drives are learned through experience and may include the desire for achievement, social approval, or affiliation.

Question 10

Which statement is TRUE with regard to secondary drives?
A) They are more important to human survival than primary drives.
B) They fall under the arousal theory of motivation.
C) They are explained quite adequately by the drive reduction theories of motivation.
D) They tend to be expressed quite differently across individuals.

Accepted Answer

Secondary drives tend to be expressed differently across individuals because they are learned and influenced by cultural and societal factors, whereas primary drives are innate and universally expressed. A and C are false statements as primary drives, such as the drive for food and water, are essential to human survival and are more important than secondary drives. B is also incorrect as secondary drives are not necessarily related to arousal.

Question 11

The arousal theory of motivation would have the easiest time explaining why a person would ____.
A) ride a roller-coaster
B) eat a meal
C) study hard for a test
D) drink water

Accepted Answer

The arousal theory states that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, meaning they seek out activities that provide the right amount of stimulation to keep them engaged and interested. Riding a roller-coaster provides a thrill and excitement that can increase arousal levels in some individuals. Eating a meal, studying for a test, and drinking water are not typically associated with arousal levels.

Question 12

The idea that people perform best when arousal is moderate is captured by the ____.
A) James-Lange theory
B) Schachter-Singer law
C) Yerkes-Dodson curve
D) self-determination model

Accepted Answer

The Yerkes-Dodson curve proposes that people perform best when arousal is moderate. When arousal is too low or too high, performance decreases. This principle has been applied to many areas of psychology, including sports performance, academic achievement, and job performance. The other answer choices are not related to this concept.

Question 13

Feeling the urge to go to the bathroom is a good example of ____.
A) a secondary drive
B) a primary drive
C) Maslow's highest level of the hierarchy
D) Maslow's second level of the hierarchy

Accepted Answer

The feeling to go to the bathroom is an example of a primary drive, which is an inborn physiological need that drives behavior towards fulfilling it.

Question 14

Most people perform best when arousal is ____.
A) absent
B) low
C) moderate
D) high

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that moderate levels of arousal, also known as the Yerkes-Dodson law, can improve performance in tasks that require attention and focus. Too little arousal can lead to boredom and lack of motivation, while too much arousal can lead to anxiety and impaired performance.

Question 15

When you do not drink any fluids for several hours, your body sends information to your brain, causing you to be motivated to drink. This process is best explained by ____.
A) instinct theory
B) incentive theory
C) drive reduction theory
D) arousal theory

Accepted Answer

The process described in the statement is best explained by drive reduction theory, which suggests that physiological needs create an internal state of tension or drive, motivating individuals to satisfy those needs to reduce the tension or drive. In this case, the need for fluids creates a drive that motivates an individual to drink.

Question 16

Drive theory and arousal theory both suggest that motivation has its roots in ____.
A) learning
B) mental processes
C) emotions
D) biology

Accepted Answer

Both drive theory and arousal theory are rooted in biology. Drive theory suggests that motivation is driven by the body's physiological needs and the desire to maintain homeostasis, while arousal theory suggests that motivation is driven by the level of arousal or stimulation in the body. Both of these theories highlight the important role of biological factors in shaping motivation.

Question 17

Rick loves to ski, surf, race cars, and engage in extreme sports. Rick's optimum level of arousal is likely found in ____.
A) highly arousing situations
B) moderately arousing activities
C) mildly arousing activities
D) nonarousing situations

Accepted Answer

Rick's love for high-risk activities suggests that he seeks out highly arousing situations to attain his optimal level of arousal.

Question 18

Negative feedback loops help to ____.
A) maintain homeostasis
B) promote instability
C) increase the tendency for change
D) limit negative emotions

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback loops are essential for maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Homeostasis refers to the stable internal environment prevailing within an organism, which is necessary for optimal functioning. Negative feedback loops help to counteract any deviations from this stable state, thereby maintaining homeostasis. For example, when body temperature rises above the optimal range, negative feedback mechanisms kick in to cool it down, and vice versa.

Question 19

The fact that we sometimes eat when we are not hungry in the biological sense of requiring more energy is a problem for the ____ theory of motivation.
A) drive reduction
B) arousal
C) incentive
D) classical

Accepted Answer

The drive reduction theory of motivation suggests that the primary purpose of eating is to reduce the physiological drive of hunger, which arises from the body's need for energy. Eating without being biologically hungry challenges this theory because it implies that factors other than physiological needs can motivate eating behavior.

Question 20

Secondary drives ____.
A) are learned
B) need to be met in order to survive
C) are innate
D) are biological

Accepted Answer

Secondary drives are psychological and learned, meaning they are not innate or biological necessities for survival. Examples of secondary drives include a desire for achievement, power, social approval, or affiliation.

Quiz 5: Motivation and Emotion

Which item is the best analogy to the negative feedback loop involved in primary drives?

The concept of drive reduction best explains ____ drives.

Maintaining bodily processes at a state of equilibrium is known as achieving ____.

Karl is batting in a championship baseball game with the bases loaded, two outs, and the winning run on third base with the crowd screaming. Karl is anxious and sweating. According to arousal theory, he is likely to show ____.

Guillermo feels best when he is sitting in a Japanese garden feeding the koi in the ponds. Knowing what you know about arousal and motivation, at what level of arousal will Guillermo most likely perform his best?

According to arousal theory, those who engage in physical activities that are extremely risky or dangerous are ____.

Drive reduction theorists developed the notion of secondary drives to help explain ____.

Arousal theories of motivation state that ____.

Those who view motivation as a drive distinguish between primary drives, which are , and secondary drives, which are .

Which statement is TRUE with regard to secondary drives?

The arousal theory of motivation would have the easiest time explaining why a person would ____.

The idea that people perform best when arousal is moderate is captured by the ____.

Feeling the urge to go to the bathroom is a good example of ____.

Most people perform best when arousal is ____.

When you do not drink any fluids for several hours, your body sends information to your brain, causing you to be motivated to drink. This process is best explained by ____.

Drive theory and arousal theory both suggest that motivation has its roots in ____.

Rick loves to ski, surf, race cars, and engage in extreme sports. Rick's optimum level of arousal is likely found in ____.

Negative feedback loops help to ____.

The fact that we sometimes eat when we are not hungry in the biological sense of requiring more energy is a problem for the ____ theory of motivation.

Secondary drives ____.