Question 1

Which two items did Lindsay,Martin,and Webber (1994)find that were commonly reported by witnesses?
A)gender and age
B)height and weight
C)hair and clothing
D)race and age
E)gender and clothing

Accepted Answer

Lindsay, Martin, and Webber (1994) found that witnesses commonly reported details about the perpetrator's hair and clothing.

Question 2

What type of decision is not possible with a target-present lineup?
A)correct identification
B)foil identification
C)false rejection
D)false identification
E)All of the above are possible identification decisions with the target-present lineup.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of decision is not possible...

Question 3

A perpetrator has been described as a tall male,wearing glasses and a red toque.The police officer makes sure that all members of the lineup also are wearing glasses and toques.The officer is trying to avoid what type of bias?
A)A suspect bias
B)A foil bias
C)A clothing bias
D)An instruction bias
E)A facial bias

Accepted Answer

The officer is trying to avoid a clothing bias by ensuring that all lineup members match the description of the perpetrator in terms of glasses and toque, making it less likely that the suspect stands out simply because of clothing or accessories.

Question 4

An eyewitness is exposed to a target-present lineup and identifies someone from the lineup that the police know did not commit the crime.What sort of decision has this eyewitness just made?
A)a correct identification
B)a false rejection
C)a foil identification
D)a correct rejection
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

A foil identification occurs when an eyewitness identifies someone from a lineup who is known not to be the perpetrator (a "foil"), indicating an incorrect identification.

Question 5

What increases the likelihood that innocent suspects may be wrongfully identified in a lineup?
A)having the suspect wear similar clothing to that worn by the culprit
B)implying the criminal is in the lineup
C)asking the witness specifically about the suspect and not about the other lineup members
D)using a simultaneous lineup procedure
E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the listed factors can increase the likelihood that innocent suspects may be wrongfully identified in a lineup. Similar clothing worn by the culprit can make the innocent suspect stand out to the witness. Implying the criminal is in the lineup can create pressure for the witness to choose someone, even if they are not confident. Asking the witness specifically about the suspect and not about the other lineup members can create bias and focus their attention only on the one person. Using a simultaneous lineup procedure can make it difficult for the witness to compare the lineup members and may lead them to choose someone who is not the culprit.

Question 6

Youssef has just viewed a target-absent lineup,but he identified an innocent suspect as the perpetrator.What sort of decision has this eyewitness just made?
A)a correct identification
B)a false rejection
C)a foil identification
D)a correct rejection
E)a false identification

Accepted Answer

Youssef made a false identification by selecting an innocent suspect as the perpetrator when the lineup did not even include the actual target.

Question 7

In target-absent lineups,both false identifications and foil identifications can be referred to as:
A)true positives
B)false positives
C)true negatives
D)false negatives
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

False identifications and foil identifications in target-absent lineups are both instances of false positives, as they involve mistakenly identifying an innocent person as the culprit. True positives would refer to correctly identifying the actual perpetrator in a target-present lineup. True negatives would refer to not selecting any participants in a target-absent lineup, avoiding any false positive or false negative errors. False negatives would occur in target-present lineups when the actual perpetrator is not identified.

Question 8

What typically happens when the eyewitness is told that the perpetrator may or may not be present in the lineup?
A)False positive identifications increase.
B)False positive identifications decrease.
C)Correct identifications increase.
D)Correct identifications decrease.
E)These instructions have no impact on identifications.

Accepted Answer

When the eyewitness is told that the perpetrator may or may not be present in the lineup, it generally leads to a decrease in false positive identifications. This is because the eyewitness does not feel pressured to choose someone from the lineup, reducing the likelihood of mistakenly identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator.

Question 9

Van Koppen and Lochun (1997)found which descriptor was reported with 100% accuracy?
A)age
B)sex
C)race
D)height
E)weight

Accepted Answer

Van Koppen and Lochun (1997) found that the descriptor reported with 100% accuracy was sex, meaning that participants were able to accurately indicate whether a target was male or female. The other descriptors listed all had varying levels of accuracy in the study.

Question 10

What is not an advantage of using a photo array rather than a live lineup for eyewitness identification?
A)Photo arrays are easier to construct than live lineups.
B)Suspect does not have the right to counsel being present with a photo array,whereas he/she does have that right with a live lineup.
C)Photo arrays produce higher identification accuracy than live lineups.
D)A suspect need not be informed that he/she is being placed in a photo array,whereas with a live lineup he/she must be so informed.
E)The police do not have to worry about the suspect's behaviour potentially invalidating the lineup.

Accepted Answer

All of the other options list advantages of using a photo array over a live lineup, but this question specifically asks for a disadvantage. Option C is incorrect because research suggests that photo arrays do not always produce higher identification accuracy than live lineups.

Question 11

According to the text,when an eyewitness simultaneously compares lineup members to one another and then makes a decision based on who they believe looks most like the perpetrator,they are making:
A)an absolute judgment
B)a false judgment
C)a relative judgment
D)a correct acceptance
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The text mentions that when an eyewitness compares lineup members to one another and then makes a decision based on who they believe looks most like the perpetrator, they are making a relative judgment. This means that they are judging the members of the lineup in relation to one another, rather than making an absolute judgment based on their own memory or perception of the perpetrator.

Question 12

What is the difference between a suspect and a perpetrator?
A)The terms suspect and perpetrator can be used interchangeably; they mean the same thing.
B)A suspect is innocent and a perpetrator is guilty.
C)A suspect is guilty and a perpetrator is innocent.
D)A suspect can be guilty or innocent whereas a perpetrator is guilty.
E)A suspect is innocent and a perpetrator can be innocent or guilty.

Accepted Answer

A suspect is someone who is believed to be involved in a crime but has not yet been proven guilty. A perpetrator, on the other hand, is someone who has been proven to have committed a crime. Therefore, a suspect can be innocent or guilty, whereas a perpetrator is always guilty.

Question 13

What type of lineup was used by Charles Lindberg to identify Bruno Hauptmann,the man who kidnapped and murdered his infant son?
A)clothing
B)voice
C)face
D)body
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Lindbergh identified Bruno Hauptmann as the kidnapper by recognizing his voice, which he heard during the ransom payment exchange.

Question 14

Julianne was attacked by a man that she described as short,blonde,and wearing a black hoodie.She is asked to come to the police station for an identification lineup,and the officer tells her the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup.When she looks at the lineup members,she identifies #3 as the perpetrator as he has blond hair and all the other members of the lineup have dark brown or black hair.What type of bias is present in this lineup?
A)A suspect bias
B)A foil bias
C)A clothing bias
D)An instruction bias
E)A facial bias

Accepted Answer

The lineup described exhibits a foil bias because the suspect (person #3) is the only one with blond hair, making him stand out from the others who all have dark brown or black hair. This makes it easier for the witness to pick him out based on hair color alone, rather than a fair comparison of facial features or other identifying characteristics.

Question 15

According to the text,which lineup procedure is considered most suggestive and is reserved only for certain extenuating circumstances?
A)a showup
B)a simultaneous lineup
C)a sequential lineup
D)a walk-by
E)an elimination lineup

Accepted Answer

A showup is considered the most suggestive lineup procedure and is reserved for certain extenuating circumstances because it involves presenting the suspect alone to the witness for identification, rather than alongside other individuals, which can significantly increase the risk of misidentification.

Question 16

What is the critical difference between a simultaneous lineup and a sequential lineup?
A)Sequential lineups typically involve biased instructions.
B)Sequential lineups require absolute judgments.
C)Simultaneous lineups require absolute judgments.
D)Simultaneous lineups typically include more foils.
E)Sequential lineups require relative judgments.

Accepted Answer

The critical difference between a simultaneous lineup and a sequential lineup is that sequential lineups require relative judgments, while simultaneous lineups require absolute judgments. In a sequential lineup, the witness is asked to compare each individual to their memory of the suspect, whereas in a simultaneous lineup, they are asked to make an absolute judgment of whether the suspect is present or not. This can lead to more accurate identifications in sequential lineups, as witnesses are less likely to make forced or biased choices.

Question 17

Alice was stabbed multiple times and is in critical condition in the hospital.The police detained a suspect leaving from the scene of the crime,and take the suspect to the hospital to see if Alice can identify him as the man who stabbed her.The police also are concerned that Alice might not make it through the night and want to get an ID as soon as possible.What type of lineup procedure is being used here?
A)a simultaneous lineup
B)a sequential lineup
C)a show up
D)a walk-by
E)an elimination lineup

Accepted Answer

The lineup procedure being used here is a show up, where the police have detained a suspect and bring them directly to the hospital to be identified by Alice. This is often used when time is of the essence and there is a high likelihood that the witness may not survive, as in this case.

Question 18

An eyewitness is shown a picture of an individual who the police think is responsible for a recent bank robbery.No other lineup photos are shown.The eyewitness is asked to state whether the person in the photograph is the same individual seen in the bank.What sort of lineup procedure is being used here?
A)a showup
B)a simultaneous lineup
C)a sequential lineup
D)a walk-by
E)an elimination lineup

Accepted Answer

The description matches a showup, where only one individual is presented to the eyewitness for identification. This is different from a simultaneous lineup, where several individuals are shown at the same time, or a sequential lineup, where individuals are shown one at a time. A walk-by involves the suspect walking by the witness in a public place, which is unlikely to happen in this context. An elimination lineup involves presenting several individuals who are known to be innocent alongside the suspect, with the aim of eliminating them as suspects. Only one photo is shown in this situation, so it doesn't fit that description either.

Question 19

Which of the following identification procedures takes place in a naturalistic environment?
A)a showup
B)a simultaneous lineup
C)a sequential lineup
D)a walk-by
E)an elimination lineup

Accepted Answer

A walk-by identification procedure takes place in a naturalistic environment, where a suspect is simply walking by the victim/witness without any formal identification procedure. This may happen in public spaces or in situations where the suspect and the victim/witness are in close proximity. The other identification procedures listed (showup, simultaneous lineup, sequential lineup, and elimination lineup) are all conducted in a more formal setting, such as a police station or courthouse.

Question 20

Recent research by Megreya,Bindemann,Harvard,and Burton (2012)has found that the placement of a suspect's photo in an array has an impact on identification.In particular,they found that:
A)suspects are more accurately identified when they are presented on the left side of an array.
B)foils on the left side were more likely to be inaccurately identified as the perpetrator.
C)placing the suspect's photo within the first two photos increases the chances that the witness will select the suspect.
D)both suspects and foils are more likely to be identified when they are on the right side of an array.
E)suspects are least likely to be identified if their photos are placed near the end of an array.

Accepted Answer

The research found that foils on the left side of an array were more likely to be inaccurately identified as the perpetrator.

Quiz 5: A: Eyewitness Testimony

Which two items did Lindsay,Martin,and Webber (1994) find that were commonly reported by witnesses?

What type of decision is not possible with a target-present lineup?

A perpetrator has been described as a tall male,wearing glasses and a red toque.The police officer makes sure that all members of the lineup also are wearing glasses and toques.The officer is trying to avoid what type of bias?

An eyewitness is exposed to a target-present lineup and identifies someone from the lineup that the police know did not commit the crime.What sort of decision has this eyewitness just made?

What increases the likelihood that innocent suspects may be wrongfully identified in a lineup?

Youssef has just viewed a target-absent lineup,but he identified an innocent suspect as the perpetrator.What sort of decision has this eyewitness just made?

In target-absent lineups,both false identifications and foil identifications can be referred to as:

What typically happens when the eyewitness is told that the perpetrator may or may not be present in the lineup?

Van Koppen and Lochun (1997) found which descriptor was reported with 100% accuracy?

What is not an advantage of using a photo array rather than a live lineup for eyewitness identification?

According to the text,when an eyewitness simultaneously compares lineup members to one another and then makes a decision based on who they believe looks most like the perpetrator,they are making:

What is the difference between a suspect and a perpetrator?

What type of lineup was used by Charles Lindberg to identify Bruno Hauptmann,the man who kidnapped and murdered his infant son?

According to the text,which lineup procedure is considered most suggestive and is reserved only for certain extenuating circumstances?

What is the critical difference between a simultaneous lineup and a sequential lineup?

Which of the following identification procedures takes place in a naturalistic environment?

Recent research by Megreya,Bindemann,Harvard,and Burton (2012) has found that the placement of a suspect's photo in an array has an impact on identification.In particular,they found that: