Question 1

The most powerful conflict between Austria and Prussia in the eighteenth century was over
A) religion; Austria was Catholic and Prussia Protestant.
B) the Prussian seizure of Silesia.
C) unification of the Holy Roman Empire.
D) the potential division of the Ottoman Empire.
E) Austrian claims to northern Italy.

Accepted Answer

The most powerful conflict between Austria and Prussia in the eighteenth century was over the Prussian seizure of Silesia. This conflict, known as the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), was fought over the disputed succession to the Habsburg throne and ended with Prussia being recognized as the dominant power in Germany.

Question 2

The American Revolution succeeded because of
A) the superior leadership of Washington.
B) substantial French aid.
C) a lack of commitment by the British.
D) a tradition of self-government and an idealized understanding of English liberties.
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

All the options contributed to the success of the American Revolution. The leadership of George Washington was instrumental in keeping the Continental Army together during difficult times. French aid, particularly in the form of troops and naval support, proved decisive in key battles such as Yorktown. The British also lacked the political will to sustain a prolonged conflict on distant shores. Finally, the American colonists had a strong tradition of self-government and a belief in their natural rights as English subjects, which gave them a powerful motivation to resist British rule.

Question 3

England drove the French from North America as part of which conflict?
A) the War of Spanish Succession
B) the Seven Years' War
C) the War of Polish Succession
D) the Great Northern War
E) the War of Austrian Succession

Accepted Answer

The English drove the French from North America as part of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), which was fought between the British and the French, along with their respective allies. It was a global conflict that involved battles in Europe, America, Asia, and Africa. In North America, the British defeated the French and their Native American allies, and the Treaty of Paris in 1763 resulted in France ceding Canada and all claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is NOTaccurate? In the eighteenth century
A) the Enlightenment and the French Revolution sparked a movement for Hungarian nationalism.
B) Hungary rapidly modernized, and its population doubled.
C) Poland expelled the Jesuits in 1793and instituted educational reform.
D) Prussia, Russia, and Austria participated in the partitioning of Poland.
E) the Enlightenment had a similar impact in all of the countries of Eastern Europe.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not accurate because the impact of the Enlightenment varied across Eastern Europe. While it did spark a movement for Hungarian nationalism, as mentioned in statement A, it did not have the same impact in all countries.

Question 5

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
-philosophes

Accepted Answer

The answer of Please define the following key terms. Show...

Question 6

Enlightenment economic thought included
A) acceptance of self-interest as something good.
B) praise for entrepreneurship and free markets unencumbered by governments.
C) the inevitability of progress in capitalism.
D) the belief that the laws of economics could be discovered.
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Enlightenment economic thought included all of the options listed in the question. Enlightenment thinkers such as Adam Smith believed in the importance of self-interest as a driving force in economic activity, praised entrepreneurship and free markets as a means to increase wealth and prosperity, believed that progress was inherent in capitalism, and believed that economic laws could be discovered through empirical observation and analysis.

Question 7

All of the following were true of Austria EXCEPT
A) a dynamic, innovative central administration.
B) a concentration on its eastern non-German territories.
C) consolidated control of the German parts of the Holy Roman Empire.
D) acquisition of the southern Netherlands, later called Belgium.
E) a progressive mother-son imperial partnership.

Accepted Answer

Austria did not consolidate control of the German parts of the Holy Roman Empire; rather, it was one of the leading powers within the Empire but faced significant opposition and rivalry, particularly from Prussia.

Question 8

After Bayle's Dictionary,the first successful encyclopedia was published by
A) Denis Diderot.
B) Ephraim Chambers.
C) Chevalier Ramsay.
D) Jean d'Alembert.
E) Voltaire.

Accepted Answer

Ephraim Chambers published the first successful encyclopedia called Cyclopaedia in 1728, which contained "an universal dictionary of arts and sciences". While Diderot and d'Alembert later published the more famous Encyclopédie in the mid-18th century, Chambers' work paved the way for future encyclopedias. Chevalier Ramsay and Voltaire were both Enlightenment-era writers, but did not publish significant encyclopedias.

Question 9

In historical perspective,the Enlightenment
A) culminated the evolution away from the medieval worldview begun by the Renaissance.
B) strongly contributed to the democratic revolutions that followed.
C) developed Western ideals of human rights, religious tolerance, and progress.
D) was a direct outgrowth of the Scientific Revolution.
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment was a significant intellectual movement that occurred in Europe during the 18th century. It built upon the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution and culminated the evolution away from the medieval worldview. The Enlightenment strongly contributed to the democratic revolutions that followed, such as the American Revolution and the French Revolution. It developed Western ideals of human rights, religious tolerance, and progress, which became foundational principles of modern democracy. Therefore, all of the above statements are correct.

Question 10

The text refers to which of the following as the most important book of the Enlightenment?
A) Wealth of Nations
B) Encyclopedia
C) Social Contract
D) Vindication of the Rights of Man
E) Two Treatises on Government

Accepted Answer

The Encyclopedia, also known as the Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert, was a comprehensive collection of knowledge and ideas that represented the principles of the Enlightenment. It aimed to promote scientific and philosophical progress and to challenge traditional beliefs and dogmas. It was the most ambitious and influential project of the Enlightenment and had a significant impact on the intellectual and cultural transformation of Europe.

Question 11

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
-Freemasons

Accepted Answer

The answer of Please define the following key terms. Show...

Question 12

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
-atheism

Accepted Answer

The answer of Please define the following key terms. Show...

Question 13

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
-skepticism

Accepted Answer

The answer of Please define the following key terms. Show...

Question 14

Which of the following countries did NOThave enlightened despotism in the eighteenth century?
A) England
B) Austria
C) Spain
D) Prussia
E) Russia

Accepted Answer

Enlightened despotism, where rulers embraced Enlightenment ideas and applied them to their governance, was not characteristic of England in the eighteenth century. England, unlike Austria, Spain, Prussia, and Russia, had a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system, limiting the monarch's power and not fitting the model of enlightened despotism.

Question 15

Philosophes of the High Enlightenment were increasingly
A) academic in their discourses.
B) isolated in society.
C) revolutionary in their views.
D) religious in their outlook.
E) elitist.

Accepted Answer

The High Enlightenment was characterized by a more radical and revolutionary approach to philosophy, with thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot advocating for social and political change. This stands in contrast to the more academic and elitist approach of the Early Enlightenment.

Question 16

The diplomatic revolution of 1756 involved
A) a France-Austria alliance.
B) Prussia's support of Austria in the Seven Years' War.
C) France's diplomatic aid for Prussia.
D) the severing of ties between Spain and Austria.
E) the reconciliation of Britain and the Dutch Republic.

Accepted Answer

The diplomatic revolution of 1756 involved a switch in allies by France, from Prussia to Austria. France and Austria formed an alliance, which was a significant shift in European diplomacy at the time.

Question 17

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
-deism

Accepted Answer

The answer of Please define the following key terms. Show...

Question 18

The first tract advocating the decriminalization of homosexuality was written by
A) Rousseau.
B) Bentham.
C) Beccaria.
D) Voltaire.
E) Diderot.

Accepted Answer

The first tract advocating the decriminalization of homosexuality was written by Jeremy Bentham in 1785. The tract was titled "Offences Against One’s Self" and was published anonymously. Bentham's argument was based on the idea of individual freedom and the harm principle, which stated that the only justification for criminalizing an act was to prevent harm to others. He argued that same-sex sexual activity did not harm anyone and therefore should not be criminalized.

Question 19

The international situation in the mid-eighteenth century included
A) amicable cooperation between Austria and Prussia for control of central Europe.
B) a declining role for the aristocracy.
C) an intense rivalry between France and Britain in northern Europe and North America.
D) a prolonged period of peace on the continent.
E) a rejection of Prussian militarism by all of the philosophes.

Accepted Answer

The mid-eighteenth century was marked by intense rivalry between France and Britain in northern Europe and North America. This was evident in the Seven Years’ War, fought from 1756 to 1763, where these two nations were leading participants, and which marked a turning point in global power relations. Austria and Prussia were also engaged in a conflict over the control of central Europe, known as the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748). Therefore, options A, B, D, and E are incorrect.

Question 20

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
-civil society

Accepted Answer

The answer of Please define the following key terms. Show...

Quiz 3: The Age of Enlightenment: Reason and Reform

The most powerful conflict between Austria and Prussia in the eighteenth century was over

The American Revolution succeeded because of

England drove the French from North America as part of which conflict?

Which of the following statements is NOTaccurate? In the eighteenth century

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? -philosophes

Enlightenment economic thought included

All of the following were true of Austria EXCEPT

After Bayle's Dictionary,the first successful encyclopedia was published by

In historical perspective,the Enlightenment

The text refers to which of the following as the most important book of the Enlightenment?

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? -Freemasons

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? -atheism

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? -skepticism

Which of the following countries did NOThave enlightened despotism in the eighteenth century?

Philosophes of the High Enlightenment were increasingly

The diplomatic revolution of 1756 involved

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? -deism

The first tract advocating the decriminalization of homosexuality was written by

The international situation in the mid-eighteenth century included

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? -civil society