Question 1

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

Accepted Answer

Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information in the world around us. In this experiment, participants had a pre-existing schema for what an office might look like, and this schema led them to "remember" objects that fit within this schema but were not actually present in the office.

Question 2

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was

Accepted Answer

The results of the experiment showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when the misleading information was presented auditorily by a female speaker.

Question 3

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

Accepted Answer

The text states that false memories arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. This means that the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval that are used to create and recall true memories also apply to false memories.

Answer: B
 The text discusses research that shows false memories can occur for details but not for entire events. This means that people may remember details that are not actually accurate but do not have entire false memories of events that never happened.

Answer: D
 The text suggests that false memories do not occur for all people and are more likely to be experienced by suggestible or inattentive individuals. This means that some people may be more susceptible to false memories than others. The text does not suggest that false memories only occur in laboratory settings.

Question 4

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that an eyewitness's confidence in their identification can be significantly influenced by feedback from authorities, such as being told they selected the correct suspect, even if the identification is incorrect. This phenomenon is known as post-identification feedback effect.

Question 5

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

Accepted Answer

The experiment demonstrates that memory involves making inferences because participants often remember sentences or details that were implied but not explicitly stated, indicating that their memories are not just recordings of what they saw or heard but also include inferences made at the time of encoding.

Question 6

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

Accepted Answer

Arkes and Freedman found that participants often created inaccurate memories through making inferences based on their knowledge of baseball, rather than from presented information. Specifically, participants often mistakenly recalled that the batter was safe at first when this information was not actually in the original passage.

Question 7

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated

Accepted Answer

The answer of "S," who had a photographic memory that...

Question 8

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information

Accepted Answer

Participants in Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment were influenced by misleading post-event information even when instructed to ignore it, demonstrating the power of misinformation to alter memories regardless of attempts to disregard it.

Question 9

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.

Accepted Answer

The experiment illustrates the effect of source misattributions on memory, where participants mistakenly believed non-famous names they had been exposed to in the experiment were actually famous, confusing the source of their familiarity.

Question 10

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Accepted Answer

The statement that people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup is not true. Research has shown that even when someone is sure they recognize the perpetrator, they are often wrong. Eyewitness testimony is often faulty and subject to memory distortion.

Question 11

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

Accepted Answer

The article states that Shereshevskii's perfect memory ultimately "disrupted his functioning in his personal life" and caused him to struggle with forgetfulness and organization. Therefore, having memory like a video recorder may not always be beneficial and can actually have negative consequences.

Question 12

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Accepted Answer

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur. This means that people can still be influenced by post-event information even if they know it is incorrect.

Question 13

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

Accepted Answer

The scenario described involves the use of a schema, which is a mental framework or blueprint for organizing and understanding information about different concepts or situations. The individual is drawing on their prior knowledge of typical kitchen layouts and tool placement to find the items they need. The use of a script (a sequence of expected actions or events) or source memory (remembering where a specific item was last seen or obtained) is not as relevant in this situation. The term "scan technique" is not commonly used in psychology and does not accurately describe the cognitive process involved.

Question 14

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.

Accepted Answer

A script is a sequence of expected events that are associated with a particular activity, such as going to the grocery store. We rely on these scripts to make assumptions about what has likely occurred during events, even when not all details are explicitly stated. In this case, the script of grocery shopping includes paying for items, which allows us to infer that Jackie paid for her groceries even though it was not mentioned.

Question 15

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Accepted Answer

Pragmatic inference occurs when a reader or listener uses their background knowledge to make an assumption about information that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. This can result in expectations that are not fulfilled by the actual content of the sentence.

Question 16

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect occurs when misleading information is presented after the event, causing a person's memory of the event to be modified. This is often seen in eyewitness testimony when they are given misleading information about an event after they witness it.

Question 17

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

Accepted Answer

False memory occurs due to constructive memory processes, which involves filling in missing information based on prior knowledge and schema. In the experiment, the students' prior knowledge or schema about a sleep-related word led to the occurrence of false memory. Verbatim recall refers to remembering an exact word or phrase, and it is not a factor in false memory in this experiment. The effect of scripts refers to the influence of learned behaviors and routines, and it is not directly relevant in this experiment. Cryptoamnesia refers to unconsciously borrowing and using someone else's idea or knowledge, which is also not applicable here.

Question 18

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The text discusses factors that can influence eyewitness testimony, such as the emotional nature of events leading to inattention, source-monitoring errors, and post-event questioning increasing confidence. However, the text does not mention failing to elaboratively rehearse the events due to fear as a factor that can influence eyewitness testimony.

Question 19

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

Accepted Answer

A script is a cognitive structure that describes a sequence of actions or events in a particular context, often used to understand and predict behavior in familiar situations.

Question 20

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

Accepted Answer

Increasing similarity between fillers and a suspect can make it harder for witnesses to distinguish the suspect from the fillers, leading to a higher chance of missing the identification of the guilty suspect.

Quiz 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors