Question 1

Which of the following terms refers to adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child's performance?
A)Reciprocal socialization
B)Social referencing
C)Goodness of fit
D)Scaffolding

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding means adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child's performance.

Question 2

In _____,parents can take an 18-month job-protected parental leave with benefits allowed to be shared by parents and applied to full-time or part-time work.
A)Sweden
B)United States
C)Mexico
D)Denmark

Accepted Answer

In Sweden,parents can take an 18-month job-protected parental leave with benefits allowed to be shared by parents and applied to full-time or part-time work.Refer to "Connecting with diversity."

Question 3

Research on the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in attachment has emphasized the importance of two neuropeptide hormones-oxytocin and _____-in the formation of the maternal-infant bond.
A)vasopressin
B)estradiol
C)cortisol
D)seretonin

Accepted Answer

Research on the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in attachment has emphasized the importance of two neuropeptide hormones-oxytocin and vasopressin-in the formation of the maternal-infant bond.

Question 4

Which of the following hormones is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth?
A)Cortisol
B)Oxytocin
C)Estradiol
D)Seretonin

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin,a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain,is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth.

Question 5

Which of the following factors is most likely to be linked to secure attachment in infants?
A)Physical comfort
B)Maternal sensitivity
C)Social referencing
D)Reciprocal socialization

Accepted Answer

The studies conducted have revealed that maternal sensitivity in responding is linked with secure attachment in infants.

Question 6

Which of the following neuropeptide hormones has an important role in the formation of maternal infant bond?
A)Seretonin
B)Cortisol
C)Leptin
D)Oxytocin

Accepted Answer

Research on the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in attachment has emphasized the importance of two neuropeptide hormones-oxytocin and vasopressin-in the formation of the maternal-infant bond.Oxytocin is especially thought to be a likely candidate in the formation of infant-mother attachment.

Question 7

A comprehensive,longitudinal study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)found that:
A)child care tends to have a negative effect on infant attachment.
B)lower-income families were more likely than more affluent families to use child care.
C)child care tends to cause behavioral problems in securely attached children.
D)most of the children in child-care setting obtain high quality positive nonparental child care.

Accepted Answer

The study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)found that low-income families were more likely than more affluent families to use child care.The study found that positive caregiving by non-parents in child-care settings was infrequent-only 12 percent of the children studied experienced positive nonparental child care.
Short Answer Questions

Question 8

Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification,the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is _____.
A)insecure avoidant
B)insecure disorganized
C)insecure resistant
D)secure attachment

Accepted Answer

Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification,the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is secure attachment.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true regarding the attachment theory?
A)It acknowledges the importance of role played by genetic characteristics and temperament on a child's social competence.
B)It emphasizes that infants are highly resilient and adaptive.
C)It ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant's world.
D)It considers the influence of culture on nature of attachment in infants.

Accepted Answer

Attachment theory highly emphasizes on the attachment bond in infancy.It does not acknowledge the role of genetic characteristics and temperament on a child's social competence.It also ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant's world.

Question 10

Which of the following terms refers to the collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure?
A)Hypothalamus
B)Amygdala
C)Nucleus accumbens
D)Hippocampus

Accepted Answer

A nucleus accumbens is a collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure.

Question 11

The current leave policy in the United States allows up to _____ weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn.
A)6
B)12
C)15
D)18

Accepted Answer

The United States currently allows workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn.Refer to "Connecting with diversity."

Question 12

Caregivers of insecure avoidant babies:
A)are sensitive to their signals and are consistently available to respond to their infants' needs.
B)often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.
C)often don't respond to their babies' signals and have little physical contact with them.
D)tend to be inconsistent;sometimes they respond to their babies' needs,and sometimes they don't.

Accepted Answer

Caregivers of avoidant babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.They often don't respond to their babies' signals and have little physical contact with them.When they do interact with their babies,they may behave in an angry and irritable way.

Question 13

Caregivers of insecure disorganized babies:
A)are sensitive to their signals.
B)often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.
C)tend to be inconsistent;sometimes they respond to their babies' needs,and sometimes they don't.
D)often neglect or physically abuse them.

Accepted Answer

Caregivers of disorganized babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

Question 14

In which of the following cultures,fathers spend almost equal time interacting with their infants as their mothers?
A)The Huasa culture
B)The Aka pygmy culture
C)The African American culture
D)The Asian culture

Accepted Answer

In the Aka pygmy culture in Africa,fathers spend as much time interacting with their infants as do their mothers.

Question 15

The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth is an observational measure of _____.
A)self-directed behavior
B)infant attachment
C)infant's response to cues
D)habituation

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth created the Strange Situation,an observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions,separations,and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.In using the Strange Situation,researchers hope that their observations will provide information about the infant's motivation to be near the caregiver and the degree to which the caregiver's presence provides the infant with security and confidence.

Question 16

Brianna is playing with her son,Kevin.When Brianna smiles at Kevin,he smiles back at her,and when Kevin smiles at his mother she responds by smiling back at him.This shows that Brianna and Kevin are engaging in:
A)reciprocal socialization.
B)social referencing.
C)secure attachment.
D)indirect interactions.

Accepted Answer

The interaction between the mother and the infant can be reciprocal in a precise sense,in which the actions of the partners can be matched,as when one partner imitates the other or when there is mutual smiling.This is referred to as reciprocal socialization.

Question 17

Caregiver-infant games like peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake exemplify _____.
A)social referencing
B)scaffolding
C)secure attachment
D)indirect interactions

Accepted Answer

Caregiver-infant games like peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake exemplify scaffolding and turn-taking sequences.

Question 18

When baby Jeremy's mother leaves the room,he cries.However,when she returns to the room,Jeremy does not usually reestablish contact with her and sometimes even turns his back on her.According to Mary Ainsworth Jeremy's attachment to his mother is:
A)secure.
B)insecure avoidant.
C)insecure resistant.
D)insecure disorganized.

Accepted Answer

Insecure avoidant babies show insecurity by avoiding the mother.In the
Strange Situation,these babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver,are not distressed when she leaves the room,usually do not reestablish contact on her return,and may even turn their back on her.If contact is established,the infant usually leans away or looks away.

Question 19

Reciprocal socialization occurs when:
A)children socialize with peers.
B)parents socialize children.
C)children and parents socialize each other.
D)parents socialize children in ways similar to how their parents socialized them.

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal socialization is socialization that is bidirectional;children socialize parents just as parents socialize children.These reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes are sometimes referred to as transactional.

Question 20

In which of the following cultures grandmothers and siblings provide a significant care to infants?
A)Hausa culture
B)Latin American culture
C)German culture
D)Hamitic culture

Accepted Answer

In the Hausa culture,both grandmothers and siblings provide a significant care to infants.

Quiz 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Which of the following terms refers to adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child's performance?

In _____,parents can take an 18-month job-protected parental leave with benefits allowed to be shared by parents and applied to full-time or part-time work.

Research on the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in attachment has emphasized the importance of two neuropeptide hormones-oxytocin and _____-in the formation of the maternal-infant bond.

Which of the following hormones is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth?

Which of the following factors is most likely to be linked to secure attachment in infants?

Which of the following neuropeptide hormones has an important role in the formation of maternal infant bond?

A comprehensive,longitudinal study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) found that:

Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification,the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is _____.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the attachment theory?

Which of the following terms refers to the collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure?

The current leave policy in the United States allows up to _____ weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn.

Caregivers of insecure avoidant babies:

Caregivers of insecure disorganized babies:

In which of the following cultures,fathers spend almost equal time interacting with their infants as their mothers?

The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth is an observational measure of _____.

Brianna is playing with her son,Kevin.When Brianna smiles at Kevin,he smiles back at her,and when Kevin smiles at his mother she responds by smiling back at him.This shows that Brianna and Kevin are engaging in:

Caregiver-infant games like peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake exemplify _____.

When baby Jeremy's mother leaves the room,he cries.However,when she returns to the room,Jeremy does not usually reestablish contact with her and sometimes even turns his back on her.According to Mary Ainsworth Jeremy's attachment to his mother is:

Reciprocal socialization occurs when:

In which of the following cultures grandmothers and siblings provide a significant care to infants?