Question 1

________ criminology insists upon a pragmatic assessment of crime and associated problems.

Accepted Answer

Left-Realist criminology emphasizes the need for practical solutions to crime and related problems. It is focused on understanding the causes and consequences of crime, as well as identifying effective and achievable strategies for prevention and control. This approach seeks to balance concerns for social justice and individual rights with the need for safety and security in communities.

Question 2

The concepts of power control, gender socialization, and empowerment are attached to the feminist criminology approach.

Accepted Answer

Power control theory is a key component of feminist criminology, emphasizing how power dynamics within families and society as a whole contribute to gendered patterns of criminal behavior. Gender socialization is also a major area of focus for feminist criminologists, who highlight how societal norms and expectations regarding masculinity and femininity can influence the ways in which individuals understand and engage in criminal activities. Empowerment, meanwhile, is a central goal of feminist criminologists, who seek to challenge oppressive systems and structures in order to promote greater equality and agency for all members of society, regardless of gender.

Question 3

In Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie are the class of people that owns the means of production.

Accepted Answer

According to Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie are the capitalist class who own the means of production, while the proletariat are the working class who sell their labor for a wage.

Question 4

Criminologist Walter DeKeseredy is associated with the radical criminology perspective.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Criminologist Walter DeKeseredy is associated with the...

Question 5

_____________________ are acquired through personal effort or chance over the course of one's life and include such things as level of education, income, place of residence, and profession.

Accepted Answer

Achieved characteristics are acquired through personal effort or chance over the course of one's life, such as education level, income, place of residence, and profession. Ascribed characteristics, on the other hand, are traits that are assigned at birth, such as race, gender, and social class. Choices A, B, and C are not relevant to describing personal characteristics.

Question 6

________ are those with which a person is born.

Accepted Answer

Ascribed attributes are those that are assigned at birth, such as sex, race, ethnicity, and family background. These attributes are not earned or achieved but rather are predetermined by biology or social factors.

Question 7

Some authors credit ________ with popularizing left realist notions in North America and England.

Accepted Answer

Walter DeKeseredy and Jock Young are credited with popularizing left realist notions in North America and England, as they have been influential in developing and disseminating left realist theories within criminology.

Question 8

Social conflict theories emphasize social, economic, and political realities and place crime within this context.

Accepted Answer

Social conflict theories view crime as a result of inequality and the struggle for power and resources within society. These theories focus on how social, economic, and political factors contribute to crime and how the criminal justice system perpetuates this inequality.

Question 9

Central to the perspective of radical criminology is the notion of ________.

Accepted Answer

Radical criminology emphasizes the role of social class and economic inequality in understanding crime and deviance. It argues that the capitalist economic system, which creates and perpetuates poverty and inequality, is the root cause of crime. Therefore, social class is central to the perspective of radical criminology. The other options (A, B, C, and E) do not capture the core focus of radical criminology.

Question 10

Participatory justice is a relatively informal type of justice case processing which makes use of local community resources rather than requiring traditional forms of official intervention.

Accepted Answer

Participatory justice involves local community resources to resolve disputes rather than relying on traditional official intervention, making it a relatively informal type of justice case processing.

Question 11

Left realists believe that the criminal justice system could offer useful services if modifications are made.

Accepted Answer

Left realists believe that the criminal justice system could be reformed to become more effective and serve the needs of the community. They suggest modifications such as community policing, victim support systems, and restorative justice programs.

Question 12

________ criminology believes that in order to reduce crime, crime-control agencies and citizens must work together to alleviate social problems.

Accepted Answer

Peacemaking criminology posits that social problems such as poverty, inequality, and lack of education contribute to crime. Therefore, crime reduction requires collaboration between crime-control agencies and members of the community to address these social issues.

Question 13

Harold Pepinsky is a contemporary criminologist who advocates ________________________.

Accepted Answer

Harold Pepinsky is known for advocating for peacemaking criminology, which focuses on resolving conflicts and preventing crime through non-violent means, such as mediation and restorative justice.

Question 14

According to ________, gender is not a natural fact but a complex social, historical, and cultural product; it is related to, not simply derived from, biological sex differences and differing reproductive capacities.

Accepted Answer

Kathleen Daly and Meda Chesney-Lind are known for their feminist criminology perspective, which challenges traditional assumptions about gender, including the idea that it is a natural, biological fact. They argue that gender is a social construct that is shaped by historical and cultural factors, and that it is not simply determined by biological sex differences.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a strategy proposed by radical-critical criminologists to bring about a justice system closer to the radical ideal?

Accepted Answer

Promotion of mandatory sentencing is not a strategy proposed by radical-critical criminologists to bring about a justice system closer to the radical ideal. In fact, mandatory sentencing is seen by many as a punitive measure that contributes to mass incarceration and has been criticized for disproportionately affecting communities of color. The other options, including increasing equality in criminal justice system employment, programs to reduce prison overcrowding, prosecution of corporate crime, and equal justice in the bail system, are all strategies proposed by radical-critical criminologists.

Question 16

According to Karl Marx, the ________, since they possess neither capital nor means of production, must earn their living by continuously selling their labour.

Accepted Answer

According to Karl Marx's theory of capitalism, the proletariat or working class must sell their labor power to the bourgeoisie or capitalist class, who own the means of production. The working class does not own any means of production, so they must work for wages to survive.

Question 17

The restorative-justice approach was deemed to be ineffective at reducing crime and subsequently is no longer in use.

Accepted Answer

The statement is not true. While the effectiveness of restorative justice approaches may be debated, it is still in use in many jurisdictions around the world as an alternative approach to traditional criminal justice systems.

Question 18

________ stated that powerful groups make laws, and those laws express and protect their interests.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ stated that powerful groups make laws,...

Question 19

Peacemaking criminology holds that crime control agencies and citizens must work together to alleviate social problems, including crime.

Accepted Answer

Peacemaking criminology promotes collaboration and cooperation between law enforcement and communities to address the root causes of crime and reduce crime rates. This approach emphasizes social justice and non-violent solutions to conflict resolution.

Question 20

The standoff between Canadian soldiers and Mohawk warriors at the Kanesatake reserve in Oka, Quebec, in September of 1990, was initiated over the plans to expand a golf course.

Accepted Answer

The standoff between Canadian soldiers and Mohawk warriors at the Kanesatake reserve in Oka, Quebec, in September of 1990, was initiated over plans to expand a municipal cemetery onto Mohawk burial grounds.

Quiz 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective