Question 1

According to Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, a Type ________ youth desires wealth but not entry into the middle class.

Accepted Answer

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin's theory on delinquent subcultures suggests that Type III youths aspire to achieve wealth through illegitimate means without the desire to integrate into the middle class. This contrasts with other types who might seek middle-class status or have different responses to their inability to achieve success through legitimate means.

Question 2

According to ________, there are two types of culture conflict: primary conflict and secondary conflict.

Accepted Answer

Thorsten Sellin identified two types of culture conflict, which are primary conflict and secondary conflict.

Question 3

________ developed the differential opportunity perspective.

Accepted Answer

The differential opportunity perspective was developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin. This perspective suggests that individuals have differential access to illegitimate means of achieving success or wealth, which can lead to differential rates of criminality depending on the individual's opportunity structure.

Question 4

________ attempted to detail the values which drove members of lower-class subcultures into delinquent pursuits.

Accepted Answer

Walter Miller focused on the values and norms of lower-class subcultures that could lead to delinquent behavior.

Question 5

In what year was General Strain Theor, or GST, formulated by Robert Agnew?

Accepted Answer

General Strain Theory (GST) was formulated by Robert Agnew in 1992.

Question 6

The broken window thesis is a perspective on crime that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to increased concerns for personal safety among area residents and to higher crime rates in that area.

Accepted Answer

The broken window thesis suggests that visible signs of disorder and neglect, such as broken windows, graffiti, and litter, create an environment that signals that crime is tolerated and therefore leads to an increase in crime rates. This theory has been influential in shaping urban policy and policing strategies.

Question 7

According to Cloward and Ohlin, Type IV youths, who were described as dropouts who retreated from the cultural mainstream through drug and alcohol use, were seen as the most likely to commit crime.

Accepted Answer

Cloward and Ohlin did not categorize youths into "Type IV" or specifically describe a group as dropouts who retreated through drug and alcohol use as the most likely to commit crime. They discussed three types of delinquent subcultures (criminal, conflict, and retreatist) but did not rank one as most likely to commit crime overall.

Question 8

According to ________, violence is a learned form of adaptation to certain problematic life circumstances, and learning to be violent takes place within the context of a subcultural milieu which emphasizes the advantages of violence over other forms of adaptation.

Accepted Answer

The theory described in the question is known as the subculture of violence theory and was developed by Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang. Burguess and Park are known for their work on urban ecology, Cohen and Miller developed the theory of delinquent subcultures, Sellin and Thrasher are known for their work on gang behavior.

Question 9

An ________ is a subcultural pathway to success that is disapproved of by the wider society.

Accepted Answer

Illegitimate opportunity structure refers to the existence of opportunities for success that are deemed as illegal or disapproved by society. This means that individuals can still achieve success through means that are not considered legitimate, such as committing crimes or engaging in deviant behavior. This concept is often associated with strain theory, which suggests that individuals turn to deviant behavior when they are unable to achieve their goals through conventional means.

Question 10

Conduct norms, focal concerns, subculture, socialization, and subculture of violence are all concepts attributed to the Ecological Theory or "Chicago School."

Accepted Answer

These concepts are attributed to various theories within the field of criminology and sociology, not exclusively to the Ecological Theory or "Chicago School." The Chicago School primarily focused on the influence of the urban environment on behavior, while concepts like subculture, socialization, and subculture of violence are more broadly associated with cultural and social structure theories in criminology.

Question 11

According to the social structure theories, intervention strategies should focus on modifying formal or informal group processes and increasing the availability of legitimate opportunity structures.

Accepted Answer

According to social structure theories, the root causes of crime and delinquency are systemic and linked to broad social, economic, and cultural factors. Therefore, intervention strategies should focus on changing these structural conditions by modifying formal or informal group processes and increasing the availability of legitimate opportunities, such as education, employment, and social services. This approach is aimed at reducing the structural barriers that lead to criminal and delinquent behavior, rather than focusing solely on individual behavior or punishment.

Question 12

According to ________, "nonutilitarian" delinquency is the result of middle-class values turned upside down.

Accepted Answer

Albert Cohen argued that delinquency among lower-class youths was the result of not being able to live up to middle-class values, thus creating a subculture of "nonutilitarian" delinquency. This subculture values the opposite of what mainstream society values, such as defiance, toughness, and immediate gratification. Therefore, delinquency is seen as a means of gaining status and respect within the subculture.

Question 13

________ is a sociological approach which posits a disjuncture between socially and subculturally sanctioned means and goals as the cause of criminal behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Strain theory argues that individuals experience strain when they are unable to achieve culturally valued goals through socially accepted means, which can lead to a lack of concern for conventional social norms and an increased likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.

Question 14

Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the ________ School of Criminology.

Accepted Answer

The Chicago School of Criminology was the early ecological theory of crime which emphasized on the environmental and social factors of crime and delinquency. It was named after the University of Chicago where the theory was developed.

Question 15

According to general strain theory, strain occurs when which one of the following events occurs?

Accepted Answer

According to general strain theory, strain occurs when an individual is prevented from achieving positively valued goals, which leads to negative emotions and can result in deviant behavior. Option A describes this type of event. The other options do not necessarily create strain according to the theory.

Question 16

According to Sellin, ______________, which provide the valuative basis for human behaviour, are acquired early in life through childhood socialization, and it is the clash of norms between variously socialized groups that results in crime.

Accepted Answer

Sellin argues that conduct norms, which are learned through childhood socialization, serve as the basis for human behavior and that clashes between different socialized groups' norms lead to crime. Focal concerns, toughness, autonomy, and fate are not specifically mentioned in Sellin's theory.

Question 17

Defensible space can be defined in terms of barriers to crime commission and preventive surveillance opportunities.

Accepted Answer

Defensible space theory argues that certain physical and social design strategies can discourage criminal activity by creating barriers and promoting a sense of territoriality and ownership. These strategies can include things like fences, lighting, natural surveillance opportunities, and community engagement. Therefore, defensible space can indeed be defined in terms of barriers to crime commission and preventive surveillance opportunities.

Question 18

In Canada, street gangs are typically comprised of youths aged 16-18.

Accepted Answer

In Canada, street gangs can include members of various ages, not limited to youths aged 16-18. Membership often spans a broader age range, including both younger individuals and adults.

Question 19

CPTED is the acronym for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.

Accepted Answer

CPTED is indeed the acronym for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.

Question 20

A delinquent subculture is created when youths who experience similar kinds of alienation from middle-class ideals band together to form a group.

Accepted Answer

Delinquent subcultures are formed when young people who feel disconnected from mainstream society come together and form their own distinct cultural norms and values. This often happens when young people feel that they are unable to meet the expectations and demands of mainstream society, which can lead to feelings of frustration and alienation. By creating their own subculture, delinquent youths are able to develop their own sense of identity and purpose, and may engage in activities such as drug use, gang activity, and other forms of criminal behavior.

Quiz 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective