Question 1

Programmed decisions:
A) should be made using the decision-making model.
B) arise in nonrecurring and nonroutine situations.
C) take longer to make than nonprogrammed decisions.
D) tend to be made more often by lower-level managers than by upper-level managers.

Accepted Answer

Programmed decisions are routine and repetitive, often made by lower-level managers who follow established guidelines or procedures.

Question 2

In Vroom's participative decision-making model,you answer a series of diagnostic questions based on seven variables.

Accepted Answer

Vroom's participative decision-making model involves answering a series of diagnostic questions based on seven variables, which ultimately determine the level of participation employees should have in the decision-making process.

Question 3

The time-driven version of Vroom's participative decision-making model emphasizes group development.

Accepted Answer

The time-driven version of Vroom's model focuses on decision-making efficiency and effectiveness based on situational factors, not on group development.

Question 4

The time-driven version of Vroom's participative decision-making model has a long-term time horizon.

Accepted Answer

The time-driven version of Vroom's model focuses on making decisions efficiently in the short term, considering the urgency and importance of the decision.

Question 5

In countries with low power distance cultures,decision making tends to be __________.
A) autocratic
B) participative
C) faster
D) reflexive

Accepted Answer

In low power distance cultures, there is a tendency for decision-making to be participative and inclusive of different perspectives and ideas, as opposed to being autocratic or hierarchical. This is because there is a belief in equal distribution of power and opportunity for all members of the society, and everyone is seen as capable of contributing to the decision-making process. The other options (A, C, and D) do not accurately reflect the characteristics of low power distance cultures.

Question 6

A reflective decision maker may be viewed as all of the following EXCEPT:
A) indecisive.
B) a procrastinator.
C) someone who "shoots from the hip."
D) wishy-washy.

Accepted Answer

A reflective decision maker is someone who carefully considers all options and makes a well-informed decision. In contrast, someone who "shoots from the hip" makes impulsive decisions without much thought or reflection. Therefore, option C is the best choice for this question as it is the only option that is not consistent with being a reflective decision maker. Options A, B, and D all suggest a lack of decisiveness or firmness in decision-making, which is not necessarily indicative of reflective decision-making.

Question 7

A problem exists whenever:
A) something unexpected happens.
B) objectives are not being met.
C) an employee makes a mistake.
D) unexpected expenses occur.

Accepted Answer

A problem exists when objectives, goals, or targets are not being met. Unexpected events, mistakes, and expenses can all contribute to the problem, but they are not the problem itself. The problem is the gap between what is happening and what should be happening according to the established criteria.

Question 8

In __________,decisions tend to be more autocratic.
A) the United States
B) the Philippines
C) Japan
D) Australia

Accepted Answer

In the Philippines, cultural norms and organizational structures often lean towards hierarchical and autocratic decision-making, influenced by traditional values and respect for authority.

Question 9

When managers will not admit that they made a bad decision,they are in the process known as escalation of denial.

Accepted Answer

The process is known as "escalation of commitment," not "escalation of denial." It refers to the tendency to continue investing in a decision despite evidence of its failure.

Question 10

The first step in the decision-making model is to:
A) classify and define the problem or opportunity.
B) set objectives and criteria.
C) analyze alternatives and select the most feasible.
D) plan and implement the decision.

Accepted Answer

The first step in the decision-making model is to classify and define the problem or opportunity. This step involves identifying the specific issue or challenge that needs to be addressed and gaining a clear understanding of its causes and potential consequences. Without a clear definition of the problem or opportunity, it is impossible to develop effective solutions or make informed decisions.

Question 11

Nonprogrammed decisions:
A) arise in recurring or routine situations.
B) should be used with decision rules or organizational policies and procedures.
C) arise in nonrecurring and nonroutine situations.
D) involve certainty.

Accepted Answer

Nonprogrammed decisions are those that arise in nonrecurring and nonroutine situations, where there is not a predetermined decision rule or organizational policy and procedures to follow. These decisions often involve uncertainty and require a more creative and exploratory approach to problem-solving.

Question 12

__________ is the process of taking corrective action to meet objectives.
A) Decision making
B) Management
C) Problem solving
D) Troubleshooting

Accepted Answer

Problem solving involves the process of identifying and analyzing problems, developing and evaluating solutions, and implementing corrective actions to meet objectives. Decision making and management are related concepts, but do not necessarily involve corrective action. Troubleshooting is a more specific term related to identifying and resolving technical problems.

Question 13

All of the following are steps in the decision-making model EXCEPT:
A) classify and define the problem or opportunity.
B) set objectives and criteria.
C) generate creative and innovative alternatives.
D) brainstorm.

Accepted Answer

"Brainstorm" is essentially the same as "generate creative and innovative alternatives," so this option could be seen as repetitive.

Question 14

When making a decision under conditions of __________,you do not know the outcome of each alternative in advance,but can assign probabilities to each outcome.
A) certainty
B) risk
C) uncertainty
D) classification

Accepted Answer

When making a decision under conditions of risk, the decision maker does not know the outcome of each alternative in advance but can assign probabilities to each outcome. This means that the decision maker has some information, but not complete information, about the possible outcomes of each alternative. Therefore, the best choice is B (risk).

Question 15

Vroom's participative decision-making model is a time-driven or development-driven decision tree that assists a user in selecting one of six leadership styles to use in a given situation to maximize a decision.

Accepted Answer

Vroom's participative decision-making model is not a time-driven or development-driven decision tree. It is a contingency model that helps leaders choose the most appropriate leadership style for a given situation based on factors such as the importance of the decision, the time available, and the subordinates' competence and commitment.

Question 16

When making a decision under the conditions of __________,you know the outcome of each alternative in advance.
A) certainty
B) risk
C) uncertainty
D) classification

Accepted Answer

When making a decision under the conditions of certainty, the outcome of each alternative is known in advance. This means that the decision-maker can choose the option that will lead to the desired outcome with complete confidence. Therefore, the best choice is certainty.

Question 17

The relationship among the management functions,problem solving,and decision making is that:
A) while performing the management functions, you must make decisions which are the basis for solving problems.
B) while performing the management functions, you must solve problems which is part of the decision-making process.
C) while making decisions, managers perform the management functions.
D) none of these

Accepted Answer

The management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling involve decision making at every step. Managers need to make decisions about what goals to pursue, how to allocate resources, how to motivate and communicate with employees, and how to monitor and adjust performance. These decisions are often made in order to solve problems or address challenges within the organization. Therefore, problem solving and decision making are integral to the management functions. Option A correctly summarizes this relationship. Option B implies that problem solving is a separate process from decision making, which is not necessarily the case. Option C is too narrow in its focus, as managers perform a variety of tasks beyond simply making decisions. Option D is incorrect, as there is indeed a relationship among these concepts.

Question 18

__________ is the process of selecting a course of action that will solve a problem.
A) Decision making
B) Management
C) Problem solving
D) Troubleshooting

Accepted Answer

Decision making involves evaluating possible options and choosing the best one to solve a problem. While management may involve decision making, it is a broader concept that also includes planning, organizing, and directing resources. Problem solving is also related but specifically focuses on finding solutions to problems. Troubleshooting is a type of problem solving that involves identifying and fixing issues with a system or process. Therefore, decision making is the most specific and accurate answer to the given question.

Question 19

When making a decision under conditions of __________,lack of information or knowledge makes the outcome of each alternative unpredictable,so you cannot determine probabilities.
A) certainty
B) risk
C) uncertainty
D) classification

Accepted Answer

Uncertainty refers to situations where there is a lack of information or knowledge, and therefore the outcome of each alternative is unpredictable. As a result of this unpredictability, it is not possible to determine probabilities, which makes decision-making much more difficult. In contrast, certainty refers to situations where the outcome of each alternative is known with complete confidence, while risk refers to situations where the outcome of each alternative can be estimated with some degree of certainty. Finally, classification is not related to decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, risk or certainty.

Question 20

Decision rules or organizational policies and procedures are used for __________ decisions.
A) programmed
B) nonprogrammed
C) both programmed and nonprogrammed
D) neither programmed or nonprogrammed

Accepted Answer

Programmed decisions are routine and repetitive, often guided by established rules or procedures.

Quiz 3: Creative Problem Solving and Decision Making

Programmed decisions:

In Vroom's participative decision-making model,you answer a series of diagnostic questions based on seven variables.

The time-driven version of Vroom's participative decision-making model emphasizes group development.

The time-driven version of Vroom's participative decision-making model has a long-term time horizon.

In countries with low power distance cultures,decision making tends to be __________.

A reflective decision maker may be viewed as all of the following EXCEPT:

A problem exists whenever:

In __________,decisions tend to be more autocratic.

When managers will not admit that they made a bad decision,they are in the process known as escalation of denial.

The first step in the decision-making model is to:

Nonprogrammed decisions:

__________ is the process of taking corrective action to meet objectives.

All of the following are steps in the decision-making model EXCEPT:

When making a decision under conditions of __________,you do not know the outcome of each alternative in advance,but can assign probabilities to each outcome.

Vroom's participative decision-making model is a time-driven or development-driven decision tree that assists a user in selecting one of six leadership styles to use in a given situation to maximize a decision.

When making a decision under the conditions of __________,you know the outcome of each alternative in advance.

The relationship among the management functions,problem solving,and decision making is that:

__________ is the process of selecting a course of action that will solve a problem.

When making a decision under conditions of __________,lack of information or knowledge makes the outcome of each alternative unpredictable,so you cannot determine probabilities.

Decision rules or organizational policies and procedures are used for __________ decisions.