Question 1

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs.

Accepted Answer

Maslow included achievement, prestige, and status under esteem needs, along with self-esteem and respect from others.

Question 2

According to the cognitive-dissonance theory, we are generally more likely to appreciate what we must work to obtain.

Accepted Answer

According to the cognitive-dissonance theory, when there is a discrepancy between our beliefs or attitudes and our behaviors, we are motivated to reduce the dissonance or discomfort by changing our attitudes or behaviors. One way to reduce dissonance is to convince ourselves that what we have worked for is valuable and meaningful, as we don't want to feel like we wasted our effort. Therefore, we are generally more likely to appreciate what we must work to obtain, as it aligns with our need for cognitive consistency.

Question 3

Positive events such as learning that the person we love also loves us can raise our level of happiness at a particular moment.

Accepted Answer

Positive events can increase our happiness in the moment. Discovering that someone we love also loves us is one such event that can bring us joy.

Question 4

Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.

Accepted Answer

Physical needs like hunger and thirst are the body's way of signaling that it requires nourishment and hydration. These needs give rise to corresponding drives, such as the drive to eat and drink, which motivate us to satisfy our biological needs.

Question 5

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues, human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones show reduced tendencies to display physically aggressive behavior.

Accepted Answer

Higher-than-typical prenatal exposure to male sex hormones is generally associated with increased tendencies for physically aggressive behavior, not reduced tendencies.

Question 6

People share similar psychological needs because people's biological makeups are similar.

Accepted Answer

The answer of People share similar psychological needs because people's...

Question 7

On average, gay males tend to be somewhat feminine and lesbians to be somewhat masculine.

Accepted Answer

On average, gay males tend to be somewhat feminine and lesbians to be somewhat masculine.

Question 8

Stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus motives, such as curiosity and exploration, can provide evolutionary advantages by promoting learning, discovery, and adaptation to new environments. They can also lead to the development of new skills and behaviors.

Question 9

The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause our behavioral responses to events.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory actually suggests that our emotional experience is the result of our physiological responses to events.

Question 10

Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation.

Accepted Answer

Psychological needs can also be based on growth, development, and fulfillment, not just deprivation.

Question 11

Emotions do not involve behavioral tendencies.

Accepted Answer

Emotions are often accompanied by behavioral tendencies such as the urge to cry or lash out in anger, so they do involve behavioral tendencies.

Question 12

A(n)__________rat is characterized by excessive eating.

Accepted Answer

"Hyperphagic" means excessive eating, which fits the description given in the question. "Hypoglycemic" means low blood sugar, which is not related to excessive eating. "Aphagic" means an absence of appetite or a refusal to eat, which is the opposite of excessive eating. "Hypertrophic" means an abnormal increase in size, which is not related to eating behavior. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 13

If you destroy the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, the rat may become hyperphagic.

Accepted Answer

Destroying the lateral hypothalamus typically leads to hypophagia (reduced eating) because this area of the brain is involved in stimulating hunger.

Question 14

Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

Accepted Answer

A higher income is an extrinsic reward, as it is an external factor that motivates Jane to work harder. Intrinsic rewards, on the other hand, come from within and are typically related to the enjoyment or satisfaction one gets from the task itself.

Question 15

Satiety signals from our mouth take longer to reach the brain than the signals from our digestive tract.

Accepted Answer

Satiety signals from our digestive tract take longer to reach the brain than the signals from our mouth.

Question 16

An emotion cannot be a goal in itself.

Accepted Answer

Emotions can be goals in themselves, such as seeking happiness or contentment.

Question 17

Joshua wants to do well in academics to get his parents' approval and appreciation. This is an example of a physiological need.

Accepted Answer

This statement describes a psychological need related to social validation, rather than a physiological need related to basic survival, such as food or shelter.

Question 18

Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

Accepted Answer

The drive-reduction theory states that physiological needs create an unpleasant state of tension (the drive) that motivates an individual to satisfy that need and reduce the tension. Hunger is a primary drive, as it is a physiological need necessary for survival.

Question 19

Men produce 7 to 10 times the testosterone produced by women.

Accepted Answer

This is a scientifically established fact.

Question 20

The__________is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is a pea-sized structure in the brain that plays a crucial role in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger. It is also responsible for regulating the body's temperature, controlling thirst, and producing hormones that affect the release of other hormones from the pituitary gland. Options B, C, and D are not involved in motivation in the same way that the hypothalamus is.

Quiz 8: Motivation and Emotion

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs.

According to the cognitive-dissonance theory, we are generally more likely to appreciate what we must work to obtain.

Positive events such as learning that the person we love also loves us can raise our level of happiness at a particular moment.

Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues, human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones show reduced tendencies to display physically aggressive behavior.

People share similar psychological needs because people's biological makeups are similar.

On average, gay males tend to be somewhat feminine and lesbians to be somewhat masculine.

Stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage.

The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause our behavioral responses to events.

Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation.

Emotions do not involve behavioral tendencies.

A(n) __________rat is characterized by excessive eating.

If you destroy the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, the rat may become hyperphagic.

Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

Satiety signals from our mouth take longer to reach the brain than the signals from our digestive tract.

An emotion cannot be a goal in itself.

Joshua wants to do well in academics to get his parents' approval and appreciation. This is an example of a physiological need.

Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

Men produce 7 to 10 times the testosterone produced by women.

The__________is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.