Question 1

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.

-In graphing the results of his study,which of the following would NOT be true for Dr.Elder?
A)Dr.Elder would see an interaction.
B)Dr.Elder would reach different conclusions based on which independent variable he put on the x-axis.
C)Dr.Elder would be able to use a line graph.
D)Dr.Elder would see a difference between the differences for one variable but not the other variable.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.

-In graphing the difference between the differences,which of the following values would Dr.Elder use?
A)6.5
B)7.5
C)9
D)12

Accepted Answer

Dr. Elder would use the value 9 when graphing the difference between the differences, as it is a common value used in technical analysis for such calculations.

Question 3

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.

-To determine if there is a main effect for type of activity,Dr.Elder must examine how many marginal means?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Accepted Answer

To determine a main effect for a factor, you examine the marginal means for each level of that factor. If there are two levels of the type of activity, Dr. Elder would examine 2 marginal means.

Question 4

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.

-How many participant variables exist in Dr.Elder's study?
A)0
B)1
C)2
D)4

Accepted Answer

The answer of 
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people...

Question 5

The mathematical way to describe an interaction is:
A)A difference in differences
B)A caveat
C)A qualified main effect
D)A patterned pattern

Accepted Answer

An interaction in mathematical or statistical terms is often described as a difference in differences. This means the effect of one variable differs depending on the level of another variable.

Question 6

What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?
A)To increase internal validity and to establish external validity
B)To compare participant variables and to establish covariance
C)To find moderators and to find mediators
D)To test limits and to test theories

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the two main reasons to...

Question 7

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.

-To make his study a 2×2×3 factorial design,which of the following would Dr.Elder need to do?
A)Add a second dependent variable (quality of the category attributes listed)
B)Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes)
C)Add a new participant variable (sex: males versus females)
D)Add a new independent variable (activity condition: alone versus with a friend)

Accepted Answer

Dr. Elder can add a new manipulated variable of time to complete the task (5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes) to make it a 2x2x3 factorial design. This will allow the examination of whether more time spent on the task leads to more complex categorization. Adding a second dependent variable of quality of the category attributes listed or a participant variable of sex would not change the design to a 2x2x3 factorial design. Adding a new independent variable of activity condition (alone vs with a friend) would create a 2x2x2 factorial design, not a 2x2x3 factorial design.

Question 8

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.

-Based on the graphs above,Dr.Elder should conclude which of the following?
A)There is a main effect for participants' age.
B)The three-way interaction does not look significant.
C)The interaction between activity focus and activity type depends on participants' age.
D)Participants' age appears to mediate the relationship between activity focus and activity type.

Accepted Answer

The graphs show that the interaction between activity focus and activity type is different for the two age groups. For the 10-year-olds, there is no significant difference between the groups in terms of the number of attributes listed, regardless of whether they were asked to cut out pictures or draw them. However, for the 20-year-olds, there is a significant difference between the groups depending on the activity type, with those who drew pictures listing more attributes than those who cut out pictures. Therefore, the interaction between activity focus and activity type depends on participants' age. There is no evidence of a main effect for participants' age, and the three-way interaction is not presented in the graphs.

Question 9

Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study?
A)It can be determined by investigating marginal means.
B)It can exist even if the main effects are not significant.
C)It is almost always more important than a study's main effects.
D)There are multiple types of interactions (e.g. ,crossover interaction).

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following CANNOT be said...

Question 10

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.

-Which of the following reasons is the most likely reason Dr.Elder conducted a factorial design?
A)To determine whether a mediator was present in participants' ability to categorize
B)To test whether there is a difference between creating and searching for category members
C)To test whether there is a difference between thinking about a category and thinking about a category and its opposite
D)To test whether task type interacts with the effect of activity focus

Accepted Answer

A factorial design is typically used to examine interactions between multiple factors, such as task type and activity focus in this case.

Question 11

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.

-In the study described above,Dr.Elder will need to examine ________ main effects and ________ interactions.
A)3,3
B)3,4
C)3,8
D)4,4

Accepted Answer

Dr. Elder will need to examine three main effects (type of task, age group, and type of category exposure) and four interactions (between type of task and age group, between type of task and type of category exposure, between age group and type of category exposure, and a three-way interaction between all three factors).

Question 12

In the case of a factorial design,another term for independent variable is:
A)Main effect
B)Cell
C)Factor
D)Moderator

Accepted Answer

In a factorial design, the independent variables are referred to as factors. The factors represent the different levels or conditions of the independent variable that are being manipulated in the study. Each factor can have multiple levels, and the combination of levels across all factors creates the different conditions or cells in the design.

Question 13

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.

-In the study described above,Dr.Elder will need to examine how many two-way interactions?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Accepted Answer

The number of two-way interactions in a study is determined by the number of combinations of two factors. If there are three factors, the number of two-way interactions is 3 (one for each pair of factors).

Question 14

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.

-Based on the graphs above,why should Dr.Elder conclude that there is a three-way interaction?
A)There is a two-way interaction for 10-year-olds but not for 20-year-olds.
B)There is a two-way interaction for 20-year-olds but not for 10-year-olds.
C)There is a two-way interaction for 10-year-olds that is different from the two-way interaction for 20-year-olds.
D)There is no two-way interaction for either 10-year-olds or 20-year-olds.

Accepted Answer

The answer of 
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The...

Question 15

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.

-Which of the following is the correct factorial notation for Dr.Elder's new study?
A)1×2×4
B)2×2×2
C)2×2
D)2×4

Accepted Answer

Dr. Elder has two independent variables: type of task (cut out pictures vs. draw pictures) with two levels (cats and dogs vs. just dogs) and age group (10-year-olds vs. 20-year-olds) with two levels. This results in a 2x2x2 factorial design, which translates to 2 levels of one variable multiplied by 2 levels of another variable multiplied by 2 levels of the third variable, or 2x2x2=8 total conditions. Simplified, this is a 2x2 factorial design. Thus, the correct factorial notation is B) 2x2x2.

Question 16

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.

-Which of the following could NOT be said of the focus of activity variable in Dr.Elder's study?
A)There appears to be a main effect for the focus of activity variable.
B)Without the proper statistical test,it cannot be said whether the main effect for the focus of activity variable is statistically significant.
C)There appears to be an overall effect for the focus of activity variable.
D)The focus of activity finding is not as important as the type of activity finding.

Accepted Answer

The focus of activity variable refers to whether participants were exposed to category members (cutting out pictures) or generating category members (drawing pictures). This variable is a main predictor variable in Dr. Elder's study, as it is one of the factors being manipulated to see how it affects participants' thinking about the "dog" category. Therefore, it cannot be said that the focus of activity finding is not as important as the type of activity finding. Both variables are important in understanding the results of the study.

Question 17

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.

-In Dr.Elder's study,how many possible main effects exist?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Accepted Answer

There are two possible main effects in Dr. Elder's study. The first main effect is the type of task given to the participants (cutting out pictures vs. drawing pictures). The second main effect is the type of category presented to the participants (dogs and cats vs. just dogs). The interaction between these two factors is also a possible main effect, but it is not included in the options given.

Question 18

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.

-Which of the following best describes Dr.Elder's study?
A)A 2×2 crossed factorial design
B)A 4× 2 nested factorial design
C)A 2×1 mixed factorial design
D)A 2×4 within-groups factorial design

Accepted Answer

Dr. Elder's study is best described as a 2×2 crossed factorial design, which involves two independent variables, each with two levels, and all possible combinations of these levels are studied.

Question 19

The number of main effects that need to be examined is ________ the number of independent variables.
A)More important than
B)Equal to
C)Unrelated to
D)Independent of

Accepted Answer

The number of main effects to be examined is equal to the number of independent variables. Each independent variable has its own main effect that needs to be analyzed.

Question 20

Dr.Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study.In describing this,which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable?
A)Variable A cancels out Variable B.
B)The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B.
C)Variable A mainly affects Variable B.
D)The effect of Variable A is mediated by Variable B.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr.Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial...

Quiz 12: Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

The mathematical way to describe an interaction is:

What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?

Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study?

In the case of a factorial design,another term for independent variable is:

The number of main effects that need to be examined is ________ the number of independent variables.

Dr.Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study.In describing this,which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable?