Question 1

MacDonald and her colleagues (2000)found that intoxicated people administered stronger shocks and felt angrier when thinking about
A)their physical shortcomings.
B)their grades in college.
C)relationship conflicts.
D)their families.

Accepted Answer

The study found that intoxicated people administered stronger shocks and felt angrier when thinking about relationship conflicts.

Question 2

Hennigan and her colleagues (1982)found that the larceny theft rate in U.S.cities jumped after television was first introduced.This result can be explained in terms of the
A)amount of crime depicted on television.
B)thieves' sense of feeling deprived relative to wealthy television characters and those portrayed in advertisements.
C)thieves' lack of positive socialization experiences at home and school.
D)amount of time spent watching TV.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hennigan and her colleagues (1982)found that the...

Question 3

The frustration-aggression theory is designed to explain
A)hostile aggression.
B)instrumental aggression.
C)both hostile and instrumental aggression.
D)neither hostile nor instrumental aggression.

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression theory specifically addresses the causes of hostile aggression, which is aggression motivated by anger or a desire to harm someone, rather than instrumental aggression, which is aggression used as a means to achieve a goal.

Question 4

It was raining out and Jessie's car had a flat tire.After she managed to fix it,she arrived home late only to find someone had parked in her assigned parking spot.When she entered her apartment,she kicked her pet cat,who was waiting at the door.Jessie's behavior is perhaps most easily explained in terms of
A)the frustration-aggression theory.
B)the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C)the Murphy's law.
D)the social learning theory.

Accepted Answer

Jessie's behavior of kicking her cat can be attributed to the frustration-aggression theory, which suggests that frustration often leads to aggressive behavior. In this case, Jessie experienced multiple frustrating situations (flat tire, losing parking spot, arriving home late), which may have contributed to her lashing out at her pet.

Question 5

Frustration is noted to arise from
A)a mismatch between achievements and rewards.
B)the gap between expectations and attainments.
C)the deprivation of elements essential to survival.
D)learned helplessness and hopelessness.

Accepted Answer

Frustration arises when an individual's expectations are not met by the attainments. It's a state of the mind that affects individuals when their goals are not met, leading to disappointment, irritation, and annoyance.

Question 6

Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that
A)hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in lower animals.
B)after age 25,testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together.
C)variations in testosterone seem to have no effect on behavior within the normal range of teen boys and adult men.
D)higher rates of testosterone are associated with less aggressiveness in males.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that testosterone levels and rates of violent crime decrease together after age 25, suggesting a hormonal influence on aggression. However, this does not mean that hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in lower animals, as other factors such as socialization and cultural norms also play a role in human behavior. Additionally, variations in testosterone levels can have an effect on behavior within the normal range of males, but the exact relationship between testosterone and aggression is complex and not fully understood. Studies have generally found that higher levels of testosterone are associated with increased aggression, not less.

Question 7

According to Albert Bandura,an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is
A)hormonal factors.
B)how much anger or frustration has built up inside.
C)one's hereditary predisposition to be aggressive.
D)observations of others' behavior.

Accepted Answer

According to Albert Bandura's social learning theory, observational learning, or learning through observing others, is a key factor in shaping one's behaviors, including aggression. Bandura believed that people learn by watching models and imitating their behavior, and that this learning can occur even if the observer does not directly experience reinforcement or punishment for the behavior. Therefore, observations of others' behavior is an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive, according to Bandura.

Question 8

The perception that one is less well off than others is referred to as
A)adaptation level phenomenon.
B)relative deprivation.
C)Parkinson's second law.
D)unjust-world principle.

Accepted Answer

Relative deprivation refers to the belief that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself. It is the perception of unfairness when comparing one's own status to others, and it can contribute to feelings of dissatisfaction and even resentment.

Question 9

In a revision of the frustration-aggression theory,Berkowitz emphasized the importance of
A)anger,an emotional readiness to aggress.
B)the role of biochemical influences,such as alcohol.
C)relative deprivation and the adaptation level phenomenon.
D)catharsis as a reducer of frustration.

Accepted Answer

Berkowitz emphasized the importance of anger, an emotional readiness to aggress, in the revision of the frustration-aggression theory.

Question 10

Displaced aggression is most likely to occur when the target _______ to the instigator.
A)shares no similarity
B)shares some similarity
C)is somehow related
D)is unrelated

Accepted Answer

The answer of Displaced aggression is most likely to occur...

Question 11

Your boss told you that she is giving you a 5 percent raise starting with your next paycheck.You are very pleased to hear this good news until you learn that some of your coworkers earned a 10 percent raise.Now you are unhappy and angry about your raise.Your experience is best explained in terms of
A)the adaptation-level phenomenon.
B)the relative deprivation principle.
C)displacement.
D)Parkinson's second law.

Accepted Answer

The relative deprivation principle states that people feel unsatisfied and discontented when they perceive that they have received less than others in their reference group. In this case, the individual is unhappy with their raise compared to their coworkers who received a higher raise.

Question 12

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called
A)instrumental aggression.
B)hostile aggression.
C)frustration.
D)displacement.

Accepted Answer

Frustration refers to the emotional state that arises when an individual is blocked from obtaining a desired goal or satisfying a basic need.

Question 13

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as
A)displacement.
B)substitution.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)projection.

Accepted Answer

Displacement is the redirection of aggression or other negative emotions to a target other than the source of the frustration. This can occur when the original target is unavailable, too powerful to confront, or when expressing anger or hostility toward that target would lead to negative consequences. Substitution, instrumental aggression, and projection are not accurate descriptions of this psychological process.

Question 14

Arthur did not work very hard on his last class essay assignment,so he was relieved at first to find that he had gotten aC.But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten Bs and As,he felt unhappy and angry about his grade.Arthur's experience is best explained in terms of
A)the adaptation-level phenomenon.
B)the relative deprivation principle.
C)displacement.
D)Parkinson's second law.

Accepted Answer

The relative deprivation principle suggests that our satisfaction depends on how we compare ourselves to others. Arthur initially felt relieved with a C grade but became unhappy when he compared his grade with the grades of his classmates. This aligns with the principle of relative deprivation.

Question 15

After arguing with her boyfriend over the telephone,Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone across the room.This behavior most clearly demonstrates
A)the weapons effect.
B)displacement.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)Parkinson's second law.

Accepted Answer

Roberta's behavior of smashing the receiver and throwing the phone across the room is an example of displacement. Displacement occurs when an individual directs their aggression towards a target that is not the source of their frustration. In this case, Roberta's anger towards her boyfriend is displaced onto the phone.

Question 16

A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of
A)regression.
B)displacement.
C)relative deprivation.
D)the weapons effect.

Accepted Answer

The person is displacing their frustration with losing onto the wall, rather than directing it at the cause of their frustration (losing the game). This is a common defense mechanism known as displacement.

Question 17

Long-term studies of New Zealand children revealed that
A)"bad genes" cause aggressive behavior.
B)"bad environments" cause aggressive behavior.
C)neither genes nor environment is responsible for aggressive behavior.
D)the interaction of genes and the environment can cause aggressive behavior.

Accepted Answer

Long-term studies of New Zealand children have revealed that aggressive behavior is not solely determined by genes or the environment, but by their interaction. Researchers found that children with a genetic predisposition to aggression were more likely to display aggressive behavior if they grew up in a chaotic or hostile environment. On the other hand, children without the genetic predisposition were less likely to show aggression even if they grew up in a similar environment. This suggests that both genes and the environment contribute to aggressive behavior, and their interaction plays a crucial role.

Question 18

According to Berkowitz (1989),the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of
A)gender.
B)age.
C)anger.
D)neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

Berkowitz (1989) proposed that frustration leads to an increase in anger, which in turn can result in aggressive behavior. Therefore, the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of anger. Gender and age may influence the expression of aggression, but they are not considered mediators of the frustration-aggression relationship. Neurotransmitters are not directly related to the frustration-aggression relationship, although they may play a role in regulating emotions and behaviors.

Question 19

Jason instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends.This most clearly suggests that his aggression is
A)the result of frustration.
B)instinctive.
C)a learned response.
D)the result of displacement.

Accepted Answer

Jason's aggression is learned as he has learned through previous experiences that instigating fights with younger children on the playground gains him the attention and respect of his friends.

Question 20

Frustration grows when
A)our motivation to achieve a goal is weakened.
B)we did not expect gratification.
C)we are completely blocked in attaining our goal.
D)we are surprised by a consequence.

Accepted Answer

Frustration arises when we are completely blocked in achieving our goals or desires. When there are obstacles in our path towards attaining a goal, we experience frustration. Frustration can lead to negative emotions such as anger, disappointment, sadness and sometimes give rise to aggression. Therefore, option C would be the best choice.

Quiz 10: Aggression: Hurting Others

MacDonald and her colleagues (2000) found that intoxicated people administered stronger shocks and felt angrier when thinking about

Hennigan and her colleagues (1982) found that the larceny theft rate in U.S.cities jumped after television was first introduced.This result can be explained in terms of the

The frustration-aggression theory is designed to explain

Frustration is noted to arise from

Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that

According to Albert Bandura,an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is

The perception that one is less well off than others is referred to as

In a revision of the frustration-aggression theory,Berkowitz emphasized the importance of

Displaced aggression is most likely to occur when the target _______ to the instigator.

Your boss told you that she is giving you a 5 percent raise starting with your next paycheck.You are very pleased to hear this good news until you learn that some of your coworkers earned a 10 percent raise.Now you are unhappy and angry about your raise.Your experience is best explained in terms of

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as

Arthur did not work very hard on his last class essay assignment,so he was relieved at first to find that he had gotten aC.But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten Bs and As,he felt unhappy and angry about his grade.Arthur's experience is best explained in terms of

After arguing with her boyfriend over the telephone,Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone across the room.This behavior most clearly demonstrates

A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of

Long-term studies of New Zealand children revealed that

According to Berkowitz (1989) ,the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of

Jason instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends.This most clearly suggests that his aggression is

Frustration grows when