Question 1

To account for all the relations between two independent variables and three dependent variables,a theory without intervening variables would have to describe
A)two relations
B)three relations
C)five relations
D)six relations

Accepted Answer

To account for all the relations between two independent variables and three dependent variables, a theory without intervening variables would have to describe six relations. This is because for each dependent variable there would be two relations with the two independent variables, resulting in a total of six relations.

Question 2

A neuron's transmitter is released from its
A)cell body
B)axon terminals
C)dendrites
D)nucleus

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminals, which are the end points of a neuron's axon. This is where the action potential triggers the release of the neurotransmitter into the synapse, the small gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron or muscle cell.

Question 3

According to Thomas Brown's secondary principles of association,learning is affected by
A)the length of time two stimuli are presented together
B)the liveliness or vividness of the stimuli
C)how frequently two stimuli have been presented together
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the choices listed (the length of time two stimuli are presented together, the liveliness or vividness of the stimuli, and how frequently two stimuli have been presented together) are included in Thomas Brown's secondary principles of association, which are factors that influence how associations are formed between stimuli and ultimately affect learning.

Question 4

One disadvantage of using animals in research on learning is that
A)they are more likely to display "subject effects" than humans
B)some complex learning abilities are unique to humans
C)it is difficult to control their environments
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Some complex learning abilities are unique to humans, making it challenging to generalize findings from animal research to human behaviors and cognitive processes. This limitation is a significant disadvantage of using animals in learning research.

Question 5

If a subject memorizes a list perfectly in 10 trials,and then takes 6 trials to relearn the list the next day,the amount of savings is
A)33.3%
B)40%
C)60%
D)66.7%

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a subject memorizes a list perfectly...

Question 6

Ebbinghaus's results suggest that continuing to recite a poem after you have learned it perfectly
A)will improve your ability to remember it later
B)will harm your ability to remember it later
C)will have no affect on your ability to remember it later
D)will interfere with your ability to learn other poems

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus's research on memory and forgetting curve suggests that overlearning, or continuing to study material after it has been learned, can improve retention over time. This means that continuing to recite a poem after learning it perfectly can improve your ability to remember it later.

Question 7

If the savings in a serial learning experiment is 75% after a delay of one hour,the savings after a delay of two hours will probably be
A)more than 75%
B)more than 50%
C)about 50%
D)less than 50%

Accepted Answer

Savings in a serial learning experiment typically decrease as the delay increases, but not drastically enough to fall below 50% after just two hours, given a 75% savings after one hour.

Question 8

Laws in the United States require that research animals have
A)adequate food and water
B)a clean living environment
C)veterinary care
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed (adequate food and water, clean living environment, and veterinary care) are required by laws in the United States for research animals. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 9

Neal Miller argued that intervening variables are helpful when dealing with many independent and dependent variables because they make a theory
A)simpler
B)more realistic
C)more testable
D)fruitful

Accepted Answer

Intervening variables help simplify complex relationships between multiple independent and dependent variables, making the theory easier to understand and manage.

Question 10

Aristotle's rules of association included all of the following except
A)contiguity
B)recency
C)similarity
D)contrast

Accepted Answer

Aristotle's rules of association included contiguity, similarity, and contrast. Recency is not one of his rules.

Question 11

Nativism is
A)a more extreme position than Empiricism
B)the view that all knowledge comes from experience
C)the view that no knowledge comes from experience
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nativism is
A)a more extreme position than Empiricism
B)the...

Question 12

Skinner has argued against the use of intervening variables in psychological theories
A)because they make the theories more complex
B)because he believed that the causes of many behaviors can be found in the environment,not inside the individual
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

Skinner argued against the use of intervening variables in psychological theories because he believed that the causes of many behaviors can be found in the environment, not inside the individual. He also believed that intervening variables make theories more complex. Therefore, both options A and B are correct, making choice C the best answer.

Question 13

A psychologist develops a theory that failure produces frustration,and frustration frequently leads to aggressive behavior.In this theory,frustration is
A)an independent variable
B)a dependent variable
C)an intervening variable
D)a confounding variable

Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychologist develops a theory that failure...

Question 14

If a child learns the concept of house before the concept of floor,this learning
A)is evidence for Aristotle's principle of contiguity
B)is evidence against Aristotle's principle of contiguity
C)is evidence for James Mill's theory of complex ideas
D)is evidence against James Mill's theory of complex ideas

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a child learns the concept of...

Question 15

Ebbinghaus discovered that continuing to study a list of nonsense syllables after he could already recite the list perfectly
A)increased the savings on a later relearning test
B)did not change the savings on a later relearning test
C)actually decreased the savings on a later relearning test
D)increased the strength of backward associations

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus found that overlearning, or continuing to study material after it has been learned to the point of perfect recitation, increased the savings on a later relearning test. This means that the material was easier to relearn after a period of forgetting, demonstrating the benefits of overlearning for memory retention.

Question 16

Ebbinghaus's results suggest that studying a large number of names and dates immediately before an exam
A)is a good strategy
B)is a poor strategy
C)will neither help nor hurt
D)will help only if this information has also been studied at some earlier time

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ebbinghaus's results suggest that studying a large...

Question 17

Ebbinghaus's experiments in which a previously-learned list was systematically rearranged and the new list was learned provided evidence supporting
A)the recency principle
B)the contiguity principle
C)the similarity principle
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus's experiments demonstrated the contiguity principle, which states that items that are presented together tend to be remembered together. When lists were rearranged, recall was worse than when the items remained in the original sequence, supporting the idea that contiguous presentation aids in memory retention.

Question 18

B. F. Skinner used white rats in his early experiments because
A)they exhibit only the simplest learning abilities
B)they had been frequently used in medical research
C)he felt it did not matter what species he studied
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed that the principles of behavior he was studying were universal and could be applied across species, so the specific species did not matter.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of an intervening variable-
A)hunger
B)food
C)eating
D)not eating for 10 hours

Accepted Answer

Hunger is an intervening variable because it is something that comes between the stimulus (not eating for 10 hours) and the response (eating). It is the internal state that motivates the behavior of seeking food.

Question 20

Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables in his list-learning experiments primarily because
A)they were relatively free from prior associations
B)they were difficult to learn
C)they were all three letters long
D)he needed a supply of hundreds of different list items

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables because they were relatively free from prior associations, meaning they had no pre-existing meaning or emotional connotations for the participants. This allowed him to study pure learning and memory processes without interference from prior knowledge or associations.

Quiz 1: History, background, and Basic Concepts

To account for all the relations between two independent variables and three dependent variables,a theory without intervening variables would have to describe

A neuron's transmitter is released from its

According to Thomas Brown's secondary principles of association,learning is affected by

One disadvantage of using animals in research on learning is that

If a subject memorizes a list perfectly in 10 trials,and then takes 6 trials to relearn the list the next day,the amount of savings is

Ebbinghaus's results suggest that continuing to recite a poem after you have learned it perfectly

If the savings in a serial learning experiment is 75% after a delay of one hour,the savings after a delay of two hours will probably be

Laws in the United States require that research animals have

Neal Miller argued that intervening variables are helpful when dealing with many independent and dependent variables because they make a theory

Aristotle's rules of association included all of the following except

Nativism is

Skinner has argued against the use of intervening variables in psychological theories

A psychologist develops a theory that failure produces frustration,and frustration frequently leads to aggressive behavior.In this theory,frustration is

If a child learns the concept of house before the concept of floor,this learning

Ebbinghaus discovered that continuing to study a list of nonsense syllables after he could already recite the list perfectly

Ebbinghaus's results suggest that studying a large number of names and dates immediately before an exam

Ebbinghaus's experiments in which a previously-learned list was systematically rearranged and the new list was learned provided evidence supporting

B. F. Skinner used white rats in his early experiments because

Which of the following is an example of an intervening variable-

Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables in his list-learning experiments primarily because