Question 1

A hormone that increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts is

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone is responsible for increasing the activity of osteoclasts, which break down bone tissue. This helps increase the level of calcium in the blood when it falls too low.

Question 2

The only membrane bone that occurs inferior to the skull is the

Accepted Answer

The clavicle is a membrane bone located inferior to the skull, while the others are not membrane bones.

Question 3

Cartilage repairs slowly after adolescence because

Accepted Answer

Chondrocytes, the cells responsible for producing and maintaining cartilage, lose their ability to divide after adolescence. This makes it more difficult for cartilage to repair and regenerate, resulting in slower healing times.

Question 4

Which term applies to a number of disorders in adults in which the bones are inadequately mineralized?

Accepted Answer

Osteomalacia is a disorder in which the bones are inadequately mineralized in adults. It is often caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium. Rickets is a similar condition, but it occurs in children. Paget's disease and osteosarcoma are both disorders affecting bone, but they are not related to inadequate mineralization.

Question 5

An osteon is composed of

Accepted Answer

An osteon is composed of concentric layers of bone lamellae surrounding a central canal, which contains blood vessels and nerves. Interstitial lamellae are found between complete osteons and are not a defining feature of an osteon. A cell body and long, threadlike extension is not a component of an osteon, and cartilage is a different type of tissue altogether.

Question 6

If a bone is thin, flattened, and somewhat curved, that bone is a(n) ________ bone.

Accepted Answer

Flat bones are thin, flattened, and somewhat curved, and include bones such as the skull, sternum, and ribs.

Question 7

Which type of fracture tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and the matrix is calcifying?

Accepted Answer

Fractures that occur where cartilage cells are dying and the matrix is calcifying are known as epiphyseal fractures. These types of fractures commonly are seen in the growing bones of children and adolescents.

Question 8

If a bone located in a limb is longer than it is wide, that bone is a(n) ________ bone.

Accepted Answer

Long bones are typically longer than they are wide and are found in limbs, such as the femur in the thigh or humerus in the upper arm. Short bones are generally equal in length, width, and thickness and are found in the wrist and ankle. Irregular bones have complex shapes and do not fit into the other bone categories, such as the vertebrae. Flat bones are thin and often curved, such as the bones of the skull or ribs.

Question 9

The type of cartilage that comprises the epiglottis is

Accepted Answer

The epiglottis is composed of elastic cartilage, which is rich in elastic fibers and provides flexibility and resilience. This type of cartilage is also found in external ear, epiglottis, and some regions of the larynx.

Question 10

The cartilage of the epiphyseal plates is organized into zones based upon the unique processes occurring in each of these regions. Identify the correct sequence of these processes, from the epiphyseal end toward the diaphysis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The cartilage of the epiphyseal plates is...

Question 11

Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because

Accepted Answer

Perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone, providing a strong connection between muscle and bone and minimizing the risk of muscle tearing from the bone. Circumferential lamellae and elastin fibers may play a role in tendon function and elasticity, but they do not directly contribute to the attachment of muscle to bone. Tendons may develop ossification at their attachment points, but this does not prevent tearing if the connection is weak.

Question 12

A long bone is able to withstand extreme torsion or twisting stresses because

Accepted Answer

Within each osteon, the collagen fibers and mineral crystals in adjacent lamellae are aligned in opposite directions, allowing the bone to resist torsion or twisting stresses. This arrangement of fibers and crystals is known as a helical arrangement or "criss-cross" pattern.

Question 13

The type of cartilage that can withstand the strongest compression and tension forces is

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage contains both collagen fibers for strength and proteoglycans for resistance to compression, making it the most resistant to both compression and tension forces.

Question 14

In the repair of a simple fracture, the step that follows formation of a hematoma is

Accepted Answer

After the formation of a hematoma, the body initiates an inflammatory response and forms a fibrocartilaginous callus around the fracture. This callus acts as a bridge between the ends of the broken bone and helps to stabilize the fracture site. Over time, the fibrocartilaginous callus is gradually replaced by a bony callus, which then undergoes remodeling to return the bone to its original shape and strength.

Question 15

Rickets most often results from a deficiency of vitamin

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rickets most often results from a deficiency...

Question 16

Osteoblasts probably originate directly from

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells and are derived from mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts. Mesenchyme cells are multipotent cells that can differentiate into various cell types, including bone cells. Therefore, osteoblasts probably originate directly from mesenchyme cells. Option B is incorrect because osteoblasts cannot divide to form new osteoblasts. Option C is incorrect because osteocytes are mature bone cells that have already been formed by osteoblasts. Option D is incorrect because blood stem cells cannot differentiate into osteoblasts directly.

Question 17

The type of cartilage that forms the costal cartilages at the ends of the ribs is

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body and is found in the ends of bones at joints, the nasal septum, and the costal cartilages at the ends of the ribs. Fibrocartilage is found in areas where extra strength is needed, such as in intervertebral discs, and is not present in the costal cartilages. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers and is found in areas that require flexibility and elasticity, such as the outer ear, and is not present in the costal cartilages. Calcified cartilage is a form of hyaline cartilage that has been mineralized and is found in areas such as the growth plates of long bones and the epiglottis. It is not present in the costal cartilages.

Question 18

Within a long bone of the skeleton, the circumferential lamellae are located in the

Accepted Answer

Circumferential lamellae are layers of bone tissue that encircle the entire outer or inner surface of the bone. In a long bone, they are located in the external and internal regions of compact bone. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 19

The primary center of ossification

Accepted Answer

The primary center of ossification is the first area of a bone to start ossifying, and it develops in the diaphysis, which is the shaft or central part of a long bone.

Question 20

What type of tissue is the embryonic precursor for long bones in the fetal skeleton?

Accepted Answer

The embryonic precursor for long bones in the fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage. This cartilage serves as a template for the formation of bone during endochondral ossification. As the bone begins to form, the hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue.

Quiz 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues