Question 1

Which cytokines are endogenous pyrogens?

Accepted Answer

Endogenous pyrogens include prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ.

Question 2

Which neuropeptide promotes wakefulness?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus as a major sleep center secretes hypocreatins (orexins), neuropeptides that promote wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep as well as appetite, energy consumption, and pleasure or reward.

Question 3

Heat loss from the body via convection occurs by:

Accepted Answer

Convection is the transfer of heat through currents of gases or liquids.

Question 4

Which hormones help diminish the febrile response?

Accepted Answer

During fever, arginine vasopressin (AVP), MSH-α, and corticotropin-releasing factor are released from the brain and anti-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) can act as endogenous cryogens or antipyretics to help diminish the febrile response.

Question 5

What are characteristics of heat stroke?

Accepted Answer

When core temperature reaches or exceeds 40.5° C (104.9° F), the brain may be preferentially cooled by maximal blood flow through the veins of the head and face, specifically the forehead. Sweat production on the face is maintained even during dehydration. The remaining options are not reflected during heat stroke.

Question 6

Open-angle glaucoma occurs because of _____ humor.

Accepted Answer

Open-angle glaucoma is characterized by intraocular pressures above the normal pressures of 12 to 20 mmHg maintained by the inadequate outflow of aqueous fluid.

Question 7

In acute hypothermia, what physiologic change shunts blood away from the colder skin to the body core in an effort to decrease heat loss?

Accepted Answer

Tissue hypothermia slows the rate of chemical reactions (tissue metabolism), increases the viscosity of the blood, slows blood flow through the microcirculation, facilitates blood coagulation, and stimulates profound vasoconstriction.

Question 8

Which disorder of temperature regulation is caused by prolonged high environmental temperatures that produce dehydration, decreased plasma volumes, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, and tachycardia?

Accepted Answer

Heat exhaustion, or collapse, is a result of prolonged high core or environmental temperatures resulting in dehydration, decreased plasma volumes, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, and tachycardia.

Question 9

Loud snoring, a decrease in oxygen saturation, fragmented sleep, chronic daytime sleepiness, and fatigue are clinical manifestations of which sleep disorder?

Accepted Answer

Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by repetitive increases in resistance to airflow within the upper airway with loud snoring, gasping, intervals of apnea lasting from 10 to 30 seconds, fragmented sleep, and chronic daytime sleepiness and fatigue as well as a decrease in oxygen saturation. The remaining options do not represent similar signs and symptoms.

Question 10

Coronary artery disease is most affected by _____ sleep.

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease is most affected during REM sleep. During REM sleep, dreams may provoke nocturnal angina, increased heart rate, and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes.

Question 11

_____ sleep is known as paradoxical sleep.

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is also known as paradoxical sleep because the EEG pattern is similar to the normal awake pattern.

Question 12

How does glaucoma cause blindness?

Accepted Answer

Loss of visual acuity results from pressure on the optic nerve.

Question 13

Pinkeye is characterized by inflammation of the:

Accepted Answer

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis (pinkeye) is an inflammation of the conjunctiva (mucous membrane covering the front part of the eyeball).

Question 14

Children are more susceptible to heat stroke than are adults because:

Accepted Answer

and B
Children are more susceptible to heat stroke than are adults because (1) they produce more metabolic heat when exercising, (2) they have a greater surface area-to-mass ratio, and (3) their sweating capacity is less than that of adults. The remaining options are not true of a child.

Question 15

What are expected changes in sleep patterns of older adults?

Accepted Answer

The sleep pattern of the older adult includes total decreased sleep time and takes longer to fall asleep. Older adults tend to go to sleep earlier in the evening and awaken more frequently during the night and earlier in the morning. REM and slow wave sleep decreases on EEG, the spindle indicating stage II sleep is less well formed.

Question 16

A sensorineural hearing loss may be a result of:

Accepted Answer

A sensorineural hearing loss is caused by impairment of the organ of Corti or its central connections. The hearing loss may be gradual or sudden. Conditions that commonly cause sensorineural hearing loss include congenital and hereditary factors, noise exposure, aging, Ménière disease, ototoxicity, and systemic disease (syphilis, Paget disease, collagen diseases, diabetes mellitus). Outer ear trauma is not a typical cause of sensorineural hearing loss.

Question 17

_____ is/are characterized by sudden apparent arousal in which a child expresses intense fear or another strong emotion while in a sleep state.

Accepted Answer

Three types of parasomnias include arousal disorders such as confusional arousals, sleepwalking (somnambulism), and night terrors (dream anxiety attacks). The remaining options do not involve a sense or expression of fear or any other strong emotion.

Question 18

How often does rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occur in cycles?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep accounts for 20% to 25% of sleep time and is characterized by desynchronized, low-voltage, fast activity that occurs for 5 to 60 minutes about every 90 minutes beginning after 1 to 2 hours of non-REM sleep.

Question 19

Where is the major sleep center?

Accepted Answer

A small group of hypothalamic nerve cells, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), controls the timing of the sleep-wake cycle and coordinates this cycle with circadian rhythms (24-hour rhythm cycles) in areas of the brain and other tissues.

Question 20

A medication used to reverse effects of malignant hyperthermia is:

Accepted Answer

Treatment includes withdrawal of the provoking agents and administration of dantrolene sodium (a skeletal relaxant that inhibits calcium release during muscle contraction). The other options are not effective in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia.

Quiz 15: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function