Question 1

What are characteristics of CBPR? (Select all that apply.)
A) It can be used to access a community's ability to plan context-appropriate action.
B) It recognizes the need to keep study participants remote from certain phases of the research project.
C) Its end product is intended to be a conceptual framework.
D) Its end product is intended to be a specific change or action.
E) It is frequently considered synonymous with action research.

Accepted Answer

Correct A: CBPR is used to determine a community's ability to plan the specific action that should be the end product of the research process.
Correct E: CBPR is considered synonymous with action research.
Incorrect B: Study participants are considered to be very involved in all aspects of the research process.
Incorrect C: The end product of the research is a specific action,not a conceptual framework.

Question 2

Which of the following are possible ethical concerns that the nurse researcher must consider when evaluating qualitative research? (Select all that apply.)
A) Researchers can focus on the emic view of patient experiences.
B) Researchers and participants may develop relationships that blur interactions.
C) Researchers may want to speak to participants on more than one occasion.
D) Researchers serve as instruments for data interpretation.
E) Researchers may use emergent designs that alter risks to participants.

Accepted Answer

Correct B: Designs that require interactions between participants and researchers over time can result in blurred relationships.
Correct D: Researchers serve as instruments for data interpretation so personal viewpoints can blur proper interpretation of participant accounts.
Correct E: An emergent design such as grounded theory might alter the research approaches of the study and alter risks to patients as the study progresses.
Incorrect A: The researcher wants to describe participant experiences from the emic perspective.
Incorrect C: It is not unusual for participants to be interviewed more than once in qualitative studies.

Question 3

Which research question is most appropriate for a grounded theory approach?
A) How do incarcerated prisoners interact with fellow prisoners who are known pedophiles?
B) How do Native American teenage girls select a method of contraception?
C) What percentage of teachers in primary education also have a degree in nursing?
D) How are the total number of clinical hours in a nursing program related to National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) pass rates?

Accepted Answer

Correct A: The research question is appropriate because it focuses on human interaction.
Incorrect B: The question does not focus on social processes related to human interactions.
Incorrect C: The question does not focus on social processes related to human interactions.
Incorrect D: The question does not focus on social processes related to human interactions.

Question 4

A nurse researcher is critiquing a research report of a phenomenologic research study that examines the lived experience of domestic violence.Which of the following answers is consistent with elements of a qualitative research report for a phenomenologic research study? (Select all that apply.)
A) Open-ended questions are used to ask participants to describe experiences with domestic violence.
B) Data from participants are presented in the form of narrative text.
C) The researcher details the natural setting in which fieldwork was conducted.
D) The data analysis section discusses use of a statistical software package.
E) The sampling section indicates that participants must be in unstable domestic relationships.

Accepted Answer

Correct A: Questions for phenomenologic studies are open ended to encourage participant description of experiences.
Correct B: Phenomenologic studies present data in the form of narrative text.
Incorrect C: Fieldwork is more commonly associated with ethnographic research.
Incorrect D: Statistical analysis is conducted in quantitative research.
Incorrect E: Participants are not required to be in a violent domestic relationship at the present time.Phenomenologists believe that past experiences can also be shared in the present moment.

Question 5

A nurse researcher is selecting a data-gathering technique for a research study.Which data-gathering technique is appropriate for grounded theory research methods but should not be used for phenomenologic methods?
A) Face-to-face interviews
B) Tape-recorded interviews
C) Participant-written responses to written questions
D) Skilled observation of individuals in a social setting

Accepted Answer

Correct D: Grounded theorists observe participants in their natural settings.This observation practice is referred to as fieldwork.Phenomenologists do not use fieldwork.
Incorrect A: Phenomenologists can use face-to-face interviews.
Incorrect B: Phenomenologists can use tape-recorded interviews.
Incorrect C: Phenomenologists can use participant-written responses.

Question 6

In an ethnographic study entitled "How rural Appalachian families with preschool children define and practice health," the researcher gathered data from mothers who were identified as the primary directors of health care within the family unit.What role did the mothers have in this study?
A) Community informants
B) General informants
C) Local informants
D) Key informants

Accepted Answer

Correct D: Key informants are individuals with special knowledge who are willing to teach the ethnographer about a phenomenon.
Incorrect A: Community informants is not the proper term for the participants.
Incorrect B: General informants is not the proper term for these participants.
Incorrect C: Local informants is not the proper term for these participants.

Question 7

What are similarities that exist between grounded theory and ethnographic studies? (Select all that apply.)
A) Participants are observed in natural settings.
B) Researchers immerse themselves in the culture of study participants.
C) The studies focus on human interactions and social process.
D) Data gathering and data analysis occur simultaneously.
E) Techniques for data collection can change as the study progresses.

Accepted Answer

Correct A: Both methods have researchers encounter participants in natural settings.
Correct D: Data gathering and data analysis occur simultaneously in both methods.
Correct E: Both methods require the researcher to use a variety of data collection methods as studies progress.
Incorrect B: Immersion into the culture of participants is consistent only with ethnography.
Incorrect C: Grounded theory focuses on social process and human interactions.

Question 8

A nurse researcher critiques a phenomenologic study for appropriateness.The researcher will examine the study to see whether the study: (Select all that apply.)
A) Queried participants of the study to confirm identified themes
B) Documented the bracketing process used to maintain proper perspective
C) Described the participants' experiences in a way that rings true for a reader
D) Presented narrative in a way that captures everyday reality of participants
E) Discussed in detail the process by which identified themes emerged

Accepted Answer

Correct C: Describing the experiences in a way that rings true is an example of fittingness.
Correct D: Narrative helps to keep the research faithful to the experience of participants.
Incorrect A: Member checking helps to maintain credibility of the study.
Incorrect B: Bracketing also helps to maintain credibility of the study.
Incorrect E: Detailing the process by which themes emerge is referred to as audibility.

Question 9

How can computer management of qualitative data assist a nurse researcher in the research process?
A) Interpretation of data
B) Organization of data
C) Credibility of data
D) Analysis of data

Accepted Answer

Correct B: Computer management of qualitative data allows for easier coding of data and assists with the grouping or organizing of data.
Incorrect A: Interpretation of data must be done by researchers.
Incorrect C: Credibility of data is established by researchers.
Incorrect D: Analysis of the meaning of data is accomplished by researchers.

Question 10

A nurse researcher conducts a grounded theory study examining the process of social support that occurs within interactions between nursing students and clinical faculty in the hospital setting.Which of the following statements would be behaviors consistent with a researcher that is conducting grounded theory research? (Select all that apply.)
A) The researcher uses theoretical sampling.
B) The researcher has one set of predetermined interview questions.
C) The researcher visits the archives at the school of nursing.
D) The researcher changes approaches to data collection as data emerge.
E) No more than one research question is used to avoid confusing participants.

Accepted Answer

Correct A: Theoretical sampling is used in grounded theory research.
Correct D: The researcher in a grounded theory study may change approaches to data collection.
Incorrect B: A grounded theory study may have multiple questions as data are collected and interpreted.
Incorrect C: Visiting archives would be consistent with a historical study.
Incorrect E: The researcher in a grounded theory study may develop multiple questions as data are collected.

Question 11

What are characteristics of community-based participatory research (CBPR)? (Select all that apply.)
A) It can be used to access a community's ability to plan context-appropriate action.
B) It recognizes the need to keep study participants remote from certain phases of the research project.
C) Its end product is intended to be a conceptual framework.
D) Its end product is intended to be a specific change or action.

Accepted Answer

Correct A: CBPR is used to determine a community's ability to plan the specific action that should be the end product of the research process.
Correct D: CBPR is considered synonymous with action research.
Incorrect B: Study participants are considered to be very involved in all aspects of the research process.
Incorrect C: The end product of the research is a specific action,not a conceptual framework.

Question 12

Which research question will indicate to the nurse researcher that an ethnographic approach was used in the research study?
A) In what ways do Puerto Rican women learn about health information?
B) What is the quality of life for persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
C) What was Nightingale's involvement in sanitary reforms during the 1860s?
D) How do individuals who have heart disease experience anger?

Accepted Answer

Correct A: Ethnographic studies address questions that concern how cultural knowledge,norms,values,and other contextual variables influence one's health experience.
Incorrect B: Quality of life is a day-to-day experience,more consistent with phenomenology.
Incorrect C: An examination of Nightingale would be a historical study.
Incorrect D: The experience of anger is consistent with a phenomenologic approach.

Question 13

The nurse researcher has opted to use grounded theory as the research method.Which data-gathering technique is most acceptable for grounded theory research?
A) Face-to-face interviews
B) Tape-recorded interviews
C) Participant-written responses to written questions
D) Skilled observation of individuals in a social setting

Accepted Answer

Correct D: Grounded theorists observe participants in their natural settings.This observation practice is referred to as fieldwork.Phenomenologists do not use fieldwork.
Incorrect A: Phenomenologists can use face-to-face interviews.
Incorrect B: Phenomenologists can use tape-recorded interviews.
Incorrect C: Phenomenologists can use participant-written responses.

Question 14

The nurse researcher opts to use grounded theory as the research method.Which action or behavior should be avoided in such a study?
A) Following hunches about emerging patterns before data gathering is complete
B) Expressing the opinions or values of the researcher to the participant
C) Changing how experiences are collected or selected after the study has been initiated
D) Expanding codes or data categories as the study progresses

Accepted Answer

Correct B: Researchers want to observe participants interacting in natural social settings.Interjection of the researcher's opinion disrupts the natural setting.
Incorrect A: Grounded theorists often pursue hunches as data emerge.
Incorrect C: Emerging data can cause a researcher to change how experiences are observed or how data are collected.
Incorrect D: Expanding data codes and categories is expected as data emerge.

Question 15

What are the criteria that are used to judge a study's scientific rigor? (Select all that apply.)
A) Reality based
B) Credibility
C) Confidentiality of participants
D) Auditability
E) Recordkeeping
F) Fittingness

Accepted Answer

Correct B: This is the truth of the findings as judged by the participants and others within the discipline.
Correct D: This is accountability as judged by the adequacy of the information leading the reader from the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings.
Correct F: This is faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants,described so that others in the discipline can evaluate importance for their own practice,research,and theory development.
Incorrect A: This is not a criterion used to judge a study's scientific rigor.
Incorrect C: This is not a criterion used to judge a study's scientific rigor.
Incorrect E: This is not a criterion used to judge a study's scientific rigor.

Question 16

A nurse researcher critiques a phenomenologic study for appropriateness.The researcher will examine the study to see if the study: (Select all that apply.)
A) Queried participants of the study to confirm identified themes
B) Documented the bracketing process used to maintain proper perspective
C) Described the participants' experiences in a way that rings true for a reader
D) Presented narrative in a way that captures everyday reality of participants
E) Discussed in detail the process by which identified themes emerged

Accepted Answer

Correct C: Describing the experiences in a way that rings true is an example of fittingness.
Correct D: Narrative helps to keep the research faithful to the experience of participants.
Incorrect A: Member checking helps to maintain credibility of the study.
Incorrect B: Bracketing also helps to maintain credibility of the study.
Incorrect E: Detailing the process by which themes emerge is referred to as audibility.

Quiz 5: Qualitative Approaches to Research

What are characteristics of CBPR? (Select all that apply.)

Which of the following are possible ethical concerns that the nurse researcher must consider when evaluating qualitative research? (Select all that apply.)

Which research question is most appropriate for a grounded theory approach?

A nurse researcher is critiquing a research report of a phenomenologic research study that examines the lived experience of domestic violence.Which of the following answers is consistent with elements of a qualitative research report for a phenomenologic research study? (Select all that apply.)

A nurse researcher is selecting a data-gathering technique for a research study.Which data-gathering technique is appropriate for grounded theory research methods but should not be used for phenomenologic methods?

In an ethnographic study entitled "How rural Appalachian families with preschool children define and practice health," the researcher gathered data from mothers who were identified as the primary directors of health care within the family unit.What role did the mothers have in this study?

What are similarities that exist between grounded theory and ethnographic studies? (Select all that apply.)

A nurse researcher critiques a phenomenologic study for appropriateness.The researcher will examine the study to see whether the study: (Select all that apply.)

How can computer management of qualitative data assist a nurse researcher in the research process?

What are characteristics of community-based participatory research (CBPR) ? (Select all that apply.)

Which research question will indicate to the nurse researcher that an ethnographic approach was used in the research study?

The nurse researcher has opted to use grounded theory as the research method.Which data-gathering technique is most acceptable for grounded theory research?

The nurse researcher opts to use grounded theory as the research method.Which action or behavior should be avoided in such a study?

What are the criteria that are used to judge a study's scientific rigor? (Select all that apply.)

A nurse researcher critiques a phenomenologic study for appropriateness.The researcher will examine the study to see if the study: (Select all that apply.)