Question 1

According to the textbook, about _____% of U.S. teens have established identities on social media sites.
A)75
B)80
C)90
D)95

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the textbook, about _____% of...

Question 2

During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect Kohlberg's _____ moral reasoning.
A)preconventional
B)ambivalent
C)conventional
D)postconventional

Accepted Answer

Michael's fear of being killed or seriously injured reflects a concern for personal safety, which aligns with Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning. This level is characterized by an individual's focus on self-interest and avoiding punishment.

Question 3

The brain becomes fully mature:
A)at the start of puberty.
B)by 15 or 16 years of age.
C)by 18 or 19 years of age.
D)by 22 to 25 years of age.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for decision-making, judgment, and impulse control, is not fully developed until around the age of 25. While puberty and adolescence bring significant changes to the brain, full maturity is not reached until the mid-to-late twenties.

Question 4

A ban is imposed on outdoor watering during a severe drought. The Robinsons decide not to water their new shrubs because the neighbors would disapprove. Their reasoning places them at which of Kohlberg's levels?
A)preconventional
B)postconventional
C)unconventional
D)conventional

Accepted Answer

The Robinsons are basing their decision on what is socially acceptable, indicating that they are at the conventional level of moral development.

Question 5

In Erikson's view, adolescent development is largely defined by the search for:
A)identity.
B)intimacy.
C)autonomy.
D)integrity.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescence is the stage where individuals explore and experiment with different roles and identities in order to form a cohesive sense of self. This search for identity is the main focus of adolescent development, making option A the best choice. Option B (intimacy) is more relevant to the next stage of development (young adulthood), while option C (autonomy) is more relevant to the toddler and early childhood stages. Option D (integrity) is the focus of later life, particularly during the stage of late adulthood.

Question 6

In part, the trademark impulsivity of adolescence reflects that brain development proceeds more slowly in the brain's _____ than in its _____.
A)brainstem; limbic system
B)limbic system; prefrontal cortex
C)brainstem; prefrontal cortex
D)prefrontal cortex; limbic system

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for decision-making, planning, and impulse control, and it develops more slowly than the limbic system, which governs emotions and drive, in adolescence. This slow development of the prefrontal cortex relative to the limbic system can lead to impulsive behaviors.

Question 7

According to the textbook, online communities provide teens with a space to explore their identities. In Erikson's terms, online communities may therefore counteract _____ among adolescents.
A)stagnation
B)isolation
C)inferiority
D)role confusion

Accepted Answer

Erikson's fifth stage of development is identity versus role confusion, where adolescents struggle to establish their personal identity. Online communities may counteract role confusion by providing a space where teens can explore different identities and receive feedback from peers.

Question 8

Susie does not eat cookies before dinner because her parents will send her to her room for the rest of the night. In Kohlberg's terms, Susie is at the _____ level of moral reasoning.
A)preoperational
B)preconventional
C)conventional
D)postconventional

Accepted Answer

Susie's decision is based on avoiding punishment, which aligns with Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning. This level is characterized by an individual's response to consequences and external control, rather than internal moral principles or societal norms.

Question 9

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the influence of peers during adolescence?
A)Parental influence remains stronger than peer influence throughout adolescence.
B)Peers generally exert a negative influence on adolescents.
C)Peers generally exert a positive influence on adolescents.
D)Peers exert both positive and negative influences on most adolescents.

Accepted Answer

Peers exert both positive and negative influences on most adolescents. While peers can encourage risky behaviors, such as substance abuse or delinquency, they can also provide positive support and socialization. The influence of peers can vary depending on the individual adolescent's personality and the specific peer group they belong to. Parents still play an important role in shaping adolescents' behavior, but peers become increasingly important during adolescence.

Question 10

Survey data cited in the textbook suggests that nearly _____ in 10 teens say they have been bullied online. Nearly _____ in 10 have observed others being mean or cruel on a social media site.
A)1; 8
B)1; 9
C)2; 8
D)2; 10

Accepted Answer

According to the survey data cited in the textbook, nearly 1 in 10 teens say they have been bullied online and nearly 9 in 10 have observed others being mean or cruel on a social media site. Therefore, option B is the correct choice as it matches both the numbers mentioned in the survey data.

Question 11

During adolescence, brain development proceeds relatively slowly in the _____ lobe, a region implicated in self-regulation.
A)parietal
B)occipital
C)temporal
D)frontal

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobe is responsible for self-regulation and executive functioning, allowing individuals to plan, control impulses, and make decisions. During adolescence, the development of the frontal lobe is relatively slow, which can lead to difficulties in self-regulation and emotion regulation during this period.

Question 12

How might adolescents' tendency to engage in such risk behaviors as street racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?
A)The corpus callosum is still developing during adolescence, impeding communication between the brain's hemispheres.
B)The prefrontal cortex matures slowly, retarding adolescents' ability to weigh potential consequences.
C)The limbic system does not develop fully until early adulthood; this means that adolescents have a poor understanding of their own emotions.
D)The brainstem matures only gradually, impairing the regulation of basic behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for decision-making and impulse control, matures slowly during adolescence. This can lead to adolescents engaging in risky behaviors without fully considering potential consequences.

Question 13

According to Erikson, adolescents must resolve the psychosocial task of:
A)trust versus mistrust.
B)intimacy versus isolation.
C)generativity versus stagnation.
D)identity versus role confusion.

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that in adolescence, the psychosocial task is to develop a sense of identity and to resolve the conflict between identity and role confusion. This involves establishing a clear and stable sense of self, including one's values, beliefs, and goals for the future. It also involves exploring different roles and possibilities, such as career paths, relationships, and personal interests. Without successfully resolving this task, adolescents may struggle to form healthy relationships and make meaningful choices in adulthood.

Question 14

On Monday, Jacques announces to his parents that he wants to be called "Jack." On Wednesday, he says he wants to drop out of school. On Friday, he says he wants to get a tattoo and become an architect. In Erikson's terms, Jacques seems to be in the _____ stage.
A)trust versus mistrust
B)competence versus inferiority
C)identity versus role confusion
D)generativity versus stagnation

Accepted Answer

Jacques' behavior suggests that he is experiencing confusion about his identity and is in Erikson's identity versus role confusion stage. This stage typically occurs during adolescence, when individuals are exploring different identities and roles they may want to adopt. Jacques' changing preferences may reflect this exploration process.

Question 15

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:
A)Ainsworth's attachment styles theory.
B)Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development.
C)Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
D)Baumrind's parenting styles classification.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development focuses on how individuals develop their understanding of right and wrong, which closely aligns with Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which focuses on how individuals develop their thinking and reasoning ability. Ainsworth's attachment styles theory focuses on how infants develop attachments to their caregivers, Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development focuses on different stages of identity development, and Baumrind's parenting styles classification focuses on different parenting styles and their effects on child development, which are not directly related to moral development.

Question 16

The egocentrism characteristic of Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development reemerges in a new way in adolescence.
A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)operational
D)concrete operational

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism is a key characteristic of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development, which initially occurs in early childhood. This egocentrism reemerges during adolescence, but in a different form, as adolescents begin to develop more advanced cognitive abilities.

Question 17

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:
A)external consequences.
B)social expectations.
C)internalized rules.
D)abstract principles.

Accepted Answer

At the preconventional level, moral decisions are based on external consequences, such as rewards and punishments. The individual is focused on their own self-interest and avoiding harm to themselves. There is not yet an understanding of social expectations or abstract principles.

Question 18

In psychology, the MOST influential theory of moral development in psychology is that of:
A)Gilligan.
B)Vygotsky.
C)Ainsworth.
D)Kohlberg.

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is the most influential in psychology. He proposed a six-stage theory of moral reasoning that has been widely used in research and education. The theory focuses on how people think about moral dilemmas and how their reasoning about moral issues changes over time. It has important implications for understanding moral development and for designing interventions to promote moral growth.

Question 19

Even though all her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning.
A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal

Accepted Answer

Monica's decision is based on conformity to societal rules and laws, which aligns with the conventional level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development. This level emphasizes the importance of obeying laws and social norms.

Question 20

Beginning sometime in high school, Bernie lost his way. He failed to find his niche and drifted into an aimless life of odd jobs and drug use. In Erikson's terms, Bernie failed to negotiate the identity versus _____ stage.
A)inferiority
B)role confusion
C)stagnation
D)isolation

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the stage of identity versus role confusion occurs during adolescence, where individuals are exploring different roles and finding a sense of identity. Bernie's aimless life and lack of direction suggest that he failed to negotiate this stage and experienced role confusion. The other options, inferiority, stagnation, and isolation, do not accurately describe Bernie's situation.

Quiz 8: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

According to the textbook, about _____% of U.S. teens have established identities on social media sites.

During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect Kohlberg's _____ moral reasoning.

The brain becomes fully mature:

A ban is imposed on outdoor watering during a severe drought. The Robinsons decide not to water their new shrubs because the neighbors would disapprove. Their reasoning places them at which of Kohlberg's levels?

In Erikson's view, adolescent development is largely defined by the search for:

In part, the trademark impulsivity of adolescence reflects that brain development proceeds more slowly in the brain's _ than in its _.

According to the textbook, online communities provide teens with a space to explore their identities. In Erikson's terms, online communities may therefore counteract _____ among adolescents.

Susie does not eat cookies before dinner because her parents will send her to her room for the rest of the night. In Kohlberg's terms, Susie is at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the influence of peers during adolescence?

Survey data cited in the textbook suggests that nearly _ in 10 teens say they have been bullied online. Nearly _ in 10 have observed others being mean or cruel on a social media site.

During adolescence, brain development proceeds relatively slowly in the _____ lobe, a region implicated in self-regulation.

How might adolescents' tendency to engage in such risk behaviors as street racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?

According to Erikson, adolescents must resolve the psychosocial task of:

On Monday, Jacques announces to his parents that he wants to be called "Jack." On Wednesday, he says he wants to drop out of school. On Friday, he says he wants to get a tattoo and become an architect. In Erikson's terms, Jacques seems to be in the _____ stage.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:

The egocentrism characteristic of Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development reemerges in a new way in adolescence.

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:

In psychology, the MOST influential theory of moral development in psychology is that of:

Even though all her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning.

Beginning sometime in high school, Bernie lost his way. He failed to find his niche and drifted into an aimless life of odd jobs and drug use. In Erikson's terms, Bernie failed to negotiate the identity versus _____ stage.