Question 1

Today 3-year-old Chandra is going for her first flight on an airplane. As the engines begin to roar, the plane vibrates as it picks up speed, and as it finally lifts off the ground, she looks at her mother's expression. Her mother is smiling as she looks out of the window, so Chandra thinks that flying must fun and begins smiling herself. This is an example of
A) social referencing.
B) sympathy.
C) empathic feelings.
D) emotional intelligence.

Accepted Answer

This scenario portrays social referencing, which is when an individual uses the emotional response of others to form their own emotional response to a situation. Chandra observes her mother's positive reaction to flying and assumes that it must be fun.

Question 2

The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon
A) the age of the child, because people are much more accepting of a difficult temperament in a young child.
B) how flexible the child is when he or she is confronted with new experiences.
C) the goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment.
D) the gender of the child, because people are more willing to accept a difficult temperament in a boy than in a girl.

Accepted Answer

The goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment largely determines the consequences of having one type of temperament over the other. A child's temperament may impact their ability to adapt to different environments and situations, and if there is a good fit between their temperament and the demands of their environment, they may be better able to cope and thrive. For example, a child with an introverted temperament may struggle in a high-stimulation environment but may find more success in a quieter setting.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a child with an easy temperament?
A) Positive quality of mood
B) Regular biological functions
C) Adapts easily to new situations
D) High activity level

Accepted Answer

A high activity level is not a characteristic of a child with an easy temperament. Such children tend to have a moderate activity level.

Question 4

A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to
A) be patient because children easily outgrow the characteristics of a difficult child as they get older.
B) frequently expose the child to novelty because this is the best way to help them become more flexible about what happens to them.
C) try to keep the child's environment regular and predictable and give the child plenty of time to adapt to changes.
D) let the child spend time with other children who have more easy going temperaments.

Accepted Answer

Children with difficult temperaments benefit from a regular and predictable environment, as this helps them feel more secure and adjust to changes more easily. Giving them plenty of time to adapt to new situations can also help reduce stress and frustration. It may be helpful to work with a child development specialist or therapist to develop strategies to support the child's emotional regulation and social skills. Exposing the child to frequent novelty (B) may actually exacerbate their difficulties, and it is not necessarily true that difficult characteristics will simply disappear over time (A). While spending time with children who have more easygoing temperaments (D) may be a positive social experience, it is important to ensure that the child with a difficult temperament is not constantly compared to or negatively impacted by the behavior of others.

Question 5

Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying
A) social referencing.
B) sympathy.
C) empathy.
D) primordial emotion.

Accepted Answer

Empathy refers to the ability to feel and understand the emotions of others, and this is exactly what Kendra is displaying in this scenario. She is not just feeling sympathy for the other child's distress, but she is actually experiencing a similar emotional response herself, which is why she starts crying. Social referencing is a process where individuals look to others to gain information about how to react in an ambiguous situation, which is not what is happening in this scenario. Primordial emotion refers to basic emotions that are shared across cultures and species, and is not relevant in this context.

Question 6

Children do not develop self-conscious emotions such as pride or shame until they
A) have developed object permanence.
B) can think about how events affect their self-evaluations.
C) understand reversibility.
D) can empathize with the feelings of others.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions such as pride or shame require the ability to think about how events affect one's self-evaluations. This is called self-reflection, which is a cognitive ability that typically emerges around the age of 18-24 months. The other options (object permanence, reversibility, and empathy) are not necessarily related to the development of self-conscious emotions.

Question 7

We have developed emoticons to use in electronic communication because
A) people do not like having to read just plain text in electronic messages so this breaks up the message.
B) the addition of symbols that represent emotions increases the likelihood that our message is communicated clearly.
C) people can interpret these little characters in different ways and it makes the message more individual.
D) it helps the reader identify the national origin of the person who is sending the message.

Accepted Answer

The addition of symbols that represent emotions increases the likelihood that our message is communicated clearly. Emoticons help to convey the intended tone of the message and reduce the chance of misinterpretation. This is particularly important in electronic communication where it can be difficult to accurately convey tone and emotion through text alone.

Question 8

A boy in the United States who is hurt on the playing field may come off the field feeling very angry because
A) the area of the brain that control the emotion of anger and the one that controls the emotion of sadness are right next to each other.
B) in this culture it is more acceptable for a boy to express the emotion of anger than the emotion of sadness.
C) a young child has not yet learned how to distinguish between the emotions of anger and sadness.
D) either emotion would be equally acceptable under these circumstances.

Accepted Answer

In the United States, there is a cultural expectation that boys should express anger rather than sadness, as showing sadness is often seen as a sign of weakness. Therefore, a boy who is hurt on the playing field may come off feeling angry because he is trying to conform to these societal expectations.

Question 9

Max is a baby with a difficult temperament. His parents have never kept a strict schedule, eating at different times, and having different caregivers take care of Max. Max does not adapt well and his development is compromised. Chess and Thomas describe this as a __________ issue.
A) regulation
B) goodness of fit
C) social referencing
D) patterning

Accepted Answer

Chess and Thomas's concept of "goodness of fit" refers to how well a child's temperament matches with their environment, including parenting styles and expectations. In Max's case, the lack of a consistent schedule and varying caregivers may not suit his difficult temperament, leading to issues in his adaptation and development. This mismatch is what Chess and Thomas would describe as a "goodness of fit" issue.

Question 10

Your body's physiological reaction to a situation, your interpretation of it, communication with another person, and your own actions are all part of what we call
A) temperament.
B) arousal.
C) emotion.
D) empathy.

Accepted Answer

Physiological reactions, interpretation, communication, and actions all contribute to the experience of emotions.

Question 11

Looking at how others are reacting when we are uncertain about how we should react is a process called
A) social referencing.
B) sympathy.
C) empathic feelings.
D) emotional intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Social referencing involves looking at others for guidance on how to react to a situation when we are uncertain, so it is the best choice for this question. Sympathy and empathic feelings involve understanding and sharing the emotions of others, but do not necessarily involve looking to them for guidance. Emotional intelligence is a broader concept that includes the ability to regulate and understand one's own emotions, as well as understand and respond to the emotions of others.

Question 12

The ways we learn to think about emotions are our
A) emotion schemas.
B) temperamental templates.
C) primordial emotions.
D) basic emotions.

Accepted Answer

Emotion schemas are mental frameworks that help individuals make sense of and understand their own and others' emotions. They shape how we process and respond to emotional information.

Question 13

Self-conscious emotions are also known as:
A) primary emotions.
B) secondary emotions.
C) reflexive emotions.
D) interpretative emotions.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions are a type of secondary emotion that involve social evaluation, such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride. Primary emotions are basic emotions that are universally recognized and experienced, such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and surprise. Reflexive emotions are automatic emotional responses to stimuli, such as flinching from a loud noise. Interpretative emotions are emotions that result from our perceptions and interpretations of events, such as feeling angry at someone for not keeping a promise.

Question 14

Which of the following is not considered to be a self-conscious emotion?
A) Distress
B) Shame
C) Pride
D) Embarrassment

Accepted Answer

Distress is not considered to be a self-conscious emotion as it is a general emotional response to a negative situation or event, rather than being specifically related to one's sense of self or identity. Shame, pride, and embarrassment, on the other hand, all involve a focus on the self and one's actions or characteristics, and are therefore considered to be self-conscious emotions.

Question 15

When children think about the negative aspects of something they have done or their moral failures, they experience a sense of ___________, but when they feel badly about a personal failure or something they believe they cannot change, they experience ___________.
A) shame; guilt
B) empathy; shame
C) guilt; empathy
D) guilt; shame

Accepted Answer

When children reflect on their moral failures or negative actions, they experience guilt. Guilt is associated with specific actions and the desire to make amends. However, when they feel bad about personal failures or aspects of themselves they believe they cannot change, they experience shame. Shame is more about the self as a whole rather than specific actions.

Question 16

As we look at temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that
A) there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur.
B) temperament is a very unstable characteristic, especially during childhood.
C) there is seldom, if ever, any noticeable changes in temperament as children get older.
D) if there is going to be a change in temperament, it is most likely going to occur during adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur. While there may be some variations in temperament during childhood and adolescence, overall, individuals tend to exhibit the same basic temperament throughout their lives.

Question 17

Andrea is a baby who has very irregular patterns of eating, sleeping and elimination. She does not warm up to new people easily and spends the majority of her day crying. Andrea has a(n) __________ temperament.
A) easy
B) slow-to-warm
C) difficult
D) reactionary

Accepted Answer

Andrea's irregular patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination as well as spending most of her time crying and difficulty warming up to new people are all characteristics of a difficult temperament.

Question 18

Ella and Kenzie are toddlers in a daycare. Ella watches as Kenzie cries when her mother drops her off. Ella walks up to Kenzie and gives her a hug. Ella is demonstrating
A) social referencing.
B) sympathy.
C) empathy.
D) primordial emotion.

Accepted Answer

Ella is showing sympathy towards Kenzie, feeling sorry for her and trying to comfort her. Social referencing refers to seeking and responding to emotional cues from others in uncertain or ambiguous situations, empathy involves feeling the same emotion as another person, and primordial emotion refers to basic emotions that are present from birth.

Question 19

The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't, be shown are known as
A) emotional display rules.
B) sociocultural emotion.
C) emotiguides.
D) emotional interpretation.

Accepted Answer

The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't, be shown are known as emotional display rules. Choice A is the only option that accurately describes this concept.

Question 20

Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that
A) basic emotions emerge at about the same time in infants around the world, but Western infants are much more fearful and angry than other infants.
B) surprisingly we find large difference in the early emotions that infants express as we compare one country to another.
C) basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another.
D) different parts of the brain are responsible for controlling emotions in different infants.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has shown that basic emotions, such as happiness, sadness, anger, and surprise, are remarkably similar across different cultures. However, there can be differences in how people experience and express these emotions, based on cultural norms and values. For example, some cultures may discourage public displays of strong emotions, while others may encourage them. As such, it is important to consider cultural context when studying emotions. Option A is incorrect because there is no evidence to suggest that Western infants are more fearful and angry than other infants. Option B is also incorrect because research has consistently found that basic emotions are similar across cultures. Option D is incorrect because emotions are not controlled by different parts of the brain in different infants.

Quiz 10: Emotional Development and Attachment

The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a child with an easy temperament?

A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to

Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying

Children do not develop self-conscious emotions such as pride or shame until they

We have developed emoticons to use in electronic communication because

A boy in the United States who is hurt on the playing field may come off the field feeling very angry because

Max is a baby with a difficult temperament. His parents have never kept a strict schedule, eating at different times, and having different caregivers take care of Max. Max does not adapt well and his development is compromised. Chess and Thomas describe this as a __________ issue.

Your body's physiological reaction to a situation, your interpretation of it, communication with another person, and your own actions are all part of what we call

Looking at how others are reacting when we are uncertain about how we should react is a process called

The ways we learn to think about emotions are our

Self-conscious emotions are also known as:

Which of the following is not considered to be a self-conscious emotion?

When children think about the negative aspects of something they have done or their moral failures, they experience a sense of _, but when they feel badly about a personal failure or something they believe they cannot change, they experience _.

As we look at temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that

Andrea is a baby who has very irregular patterns of eating, sleeping and elimination. She does not warm up to new people easily and spends the majority of her day crying. Andrea has a(n) __________ temperament.

Ella and Kenzie are toddlers in a daycare. Ella watches as Kenzie cries when her mother drops her off. Ella walks up to Kenzie and gives her a hug. Ella is demonstrating

The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't, be shown are known as

Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that