Question 1

Surrogate motherhood

Accepted Answer

Surrogate motherhood often involves wealthy individuals or couples as the intended parents who contract with less economically advantaged women to carry their child. This power dynamic can raise ethical concerns about exploitation and coercion. Additionally, while it may work smoothly for some, there are numerous cases where arrangements do not proceed smoothly, causing emotional and legal issues for all parties involved. While surrogate motherhood is not universally illegal in the United States, its legality and regulations vary by state, with some states prohibiting it outright.

Question 2

__________ are more likely than other children to suffer from persistent deficits in cognitive development and academic achievement.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children growing up in poverty are more likely than other children to suffer from persistent deficits in cognitive development and academic achievement. The stress and limited resources associated with poverty can affect a child's brain development, language acquisition, and school readiness, leading to long-term consequences. While immigrant children and adopted children may face certain challenges, poverty is consistently linked to poor cognitive outcomes. Children from single-parent families may also face economic and social stressors, but their outcomes vary depending on other factors such as parental education and support networks.

Question 3

Hoda,an economically disadvantaged mother of four,is considering becoming a surrogate.Which of the following is one realistic concern that Hoda might have about surrogate motherhood?

Accepted Answer

Hoda may worry that the couple she is carrying a child for may change their mind during the pregnancy, leaving her without a child or compensation for her services as a surrogate. This is a realistic concern for any potential surrogate to have, as it does happen in some cases. The other options (B, C, and D) may also be concerns for some surrogates, but they may not be as relevant or applicable to Hoda's specific situation as the concern outlined in option A.

Question 4

If a family history of mental retardation,psychological disorders,physical defects,or inherited diseases exists,a genetic counselor prepares a __________,which identifies affected relatives in a couple's family tree.

Accepted Answer

A pedigree is a family tree that shows the inheritance of a particular trait or disease. Genetic counselors use pedigrees to identify affected relatives and determine the likelihood of passing on a genetic condition to future generations. Carrier detection, prenatal diagnosis, and genetic diagnosis are all specific types of genetic testing or interventions that may be recommended based on the results of a pedigree analysis.

Question 5

Jenna's mother tends to increase her use of punishment when Jenna becomes unruly and rebellious.This is an example of a(n)__________ influence between a parent and a child.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jenna's mother tends to increase her use...

Question 6

In several studies,affluent teenagers were __________ likely than low-SES youths to __________.

Accepted Answer

Several studies have found that affluent teenagers are more likely than low-SES youths to report high levels of anxiety and depression. This could be due to the intense academic and societal pressures placed on them, as well as higher levels of parental expectations and stress.

Question 7

Most adopted children

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that most adopted children grow up to be well-adjusted adults, forming healthy relationships and leading fulfilling lives.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of an indirect influence on a child's development?

Accepted Answer

Indirect influences are those that do not involve direct interaction with the child, such as parental conflict which can impact the child's emotional development and well-being. Piano lessons and inspiring teachers are examples of direct influences, while harsh discipline is a direct form of negative influence.

Question 9

Compared to high-SES parents,low-SES parents are more likely to

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that low-SES parents are more likely to use coercive discipline, which is characterized by harsh and punitive tactics such as yelling, hitting, and threatening. This may be due to higher stress levels, lack of resources, and limited access to parenting education and support. High-SES parents, on the other hand, tend to use authoritative discipline, which is more supportive, consistent, and positive.

Question 10

The information gained from __________ may help parents decide whether to attempt to conceive,adopt,or choose from a variety of additional reproductive technologies.

Accepted Answer

Genetic counseling provides individuals or couples with information about the likelihood of passing on genetic disorders to their children. This information can help them make informed decisions about their reproductive options, such as attempting to conceive naturally, pursuing adoption, or using reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization with genetic testing. Gene therapy, prenatal diagnosis, and amniocentesis are all specific medical interventions that may be used in certain circumstances but do not necessarily provide the same broad information as genetic counseling.

Question 11

To inspect Jasmine's fetus for defects of the limbs and face,as well as to allow a sample of fetal blood to be obtained,permitting diagnosis of hemophilia and sickle cell anemia,her doctor should use

Accepted Answer

Fetoscopy is a procedure that allows direct visualization of the fetus, which can help in inspecting for defects of the limbs and face. It also allows for the collection of fetal blood samples, which can be used to diagnose conditions like hemophilia and sickle cell anemia.

Question 12

Which of the following American children is the most likely to live in poverty?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following American children is...

Question 13

As a group,wealthy parents

Accepted Answer

Wealthy parents are often busy with their careers and social obligations, which can lead to them being physically and emotionally unavailable to their children, similar to parents facing financial strain.

Question 14

Donor insemination

Accepted Answer

Donor insemination is commonly used to overcome male reproductive difficulties such as low sperm count or mobility, or genetic disorders that can be passed down through the male's sperm. It involves using donor sperm to fertilize the woman's eggs either through intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). It is not directly related to ripening of several ova, and is not the preferred method of treatment for permanent fallopian tube damage. The success rate of donor insemination can vary depending on multiple factors, but is generally around 20-30% per cycle.

Question 15

__________ is/are the longest-lasting context(s)for development.

Accepted Answer

The family is considered to be the longest-lasting context for development as it is the primary unit in which a child's early experiences occur and where they learn important social, emotional, and cognitive skills. While other contexts such as friends, neighbors, and school are also important, they are typically less influential and long-lasting than the family.

Question 16

Amelia and Sam praise and stimulate their children,and they mutually support each other's parenting behaviors.Amelia and Sam engage in effective

Accepted Answer

Coparenting refers to the ways in which parents work together, support each other, and coordinate their parenting efforts. Amelia and Sam exhibit coparenting by praising and stimulating their children, and by supporting each other's parenting behaviors, which ultimately fosters a positive family environment. Induction refers to a parenting style that involves teaching children why certain behaviors are wrong, while permissive parenting involves allowing children to make their own decisions without much guidance or structure. Niche-picking refers to the process of selecting environments that are compatible with one's inherited characteristics, which is not the case here.

Question 17

Adopted children

Accepted Answer

Adopted children may face more learning and emotional difficulties due to factors like early life experiences and the process of adoption itself.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about in vitro fertilization is true?

Accepted Answer

The success rate of in vitro fertilization declines steadily with age. As women age, their eggs are more likely to have chromosomal abnormalities and their ovarian reserve decreases, making it more difficult to produce viable embryos. Therefore, the success rate for IVF is highest for women under the age of 35 and decreases as women get older. A, B, and C are all incorrect statements.

Question 19

Gene therapy corrects genetic abnormalities by

Accepted Answer

Gene therapy involves introducing a functional copy of a gene into a patient's cells to replace a non-functional one. This is typically done by delivering the functional DNA to the patient's cells using a viral vector or other delivery method. Mapping the sequence of all human DNA base pairs (A) is not a direct method of correcting genetic abnormalities, though it is an important step towards understanding them. Performing surgery during the fetal period (B) may be possible in some cases, but it is more invasive and risky than gene therapy. Modifying gene-specified proteins (D) is not the same as correcting genetic abnormalities at the level of the DNA.

Question 20

__________ can be routinely used to safely screen for abnormal fetal development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ can be routinely used to safely...

Quiz 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations