Question 1

A planogram is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.

Accepted Answer

A histogram is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.

Question 2

Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on nominal or ordinal categories.

Accepted Answer

Cross-tabulation is a statistical analysis technique used to compare the relationships between two or more categorical variables. It enables the comparison of differences among groups based on nominal or ordinal categories.

Question 3

A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.

Accepted Answer

A contingency table is used to summarize the distribution of two or more categorical variables and displays the frequency of each combination of categories.

Question 4

The row and column totals in a contingency table are called subtotals because they are less than the total.

Accepted Answer

these are called marginals because they appear in the table's margins.

Question 5

Researchers are usually most interested in the marginals of a contingency table.

Accepted Answer

Researchers are usually more interested in the inner cells of a contingency table.

Question 6

Suppose a third variable inserted into an analysis changes the results of when two other variables were studied previously.This third variable is called a moderator variable.

Accepted Answer

A moderator variable is a variable that changes the relationship between two other variables. When a moderator variable is introduced into an analysis, it can alter the results of the relationship between the other two variables.

Question 7

A significance level is a critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true.

Accepted Answer

This definition accurately describes a significance level in statistics.

Question 8

The purpose of a table in a research report is to summarize and communicate the meaning of the data to the reader.

Accepted Answer

Tables are a graphical way to present data in a summary format. They are used to show relationships among variables, summarize numerical data, and present findings in a clear and concise manner. Their purpose is to help the reader quickly and easily understand the meaning of the data presented in the research report.

Question 9

The type of measurement scale used in the research study determines the possible statistical tests that can be used appropriately with the resulting data.

Accepted Answer

The type of measurement scale (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) determines the level of measurement and the appropriate statistical tests that can be used with the data. For example, nominal scales can only use measures of frequency and percentage, while interval and ratio data can undergo more complex statistical tests such as correlation and regression analysis.

Question 10

A common form of elaboration analysis is to do cross-tabulation of data within subgroups of the sample under study.

Accepted Answer

Cross-tabulation is a commonly used method of elaboration analysis, where data is analyzed within subgroups or categories of the sample under study.

Question 11

Descriptive statistics are a type of univariate statistics.

Accepted Answer

Descriptive statistics focus on analyzing a single variable at a time, making them a type of univariate statistics.

Question 12

A 3 x 4 table represents a contingency table with twelve variables.

Accepted Answer

this represents a two-way contingency table displaying two variables - one with three levels and the other with four levels.

Question 13

When a data set is unimodal,a median split of the data is inappropriate.

Accepted Answer

A unimodal data set has only one mode, which indicates that the majority of the data is clustered around a central value. In such cases, the median is usually a good measure of central tendency and splitting the data around it would not be meaningful. Therefore, a median split of a unimodal data set is generally not recommended.

Question 14

The process of changing data from their original form to a format that more closely fits the objectives of the research study is called data transformation.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true. Data transformation involves altering the original format or values of data to make them more suitable for analysis or research purposes.

Question 15

An index split means that respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

Accepted Answer

A median split means that respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

Question 16

All statistics that are appropriate to use for higher-order scales are also appropriate to use with lower-order scales.

Accepted Answer

All statistics appropriate for lower-order scales are suitable for higher-order scales.

Question 17

The distribution of the dependent variable determines which marginal total will serve as a base for computing percentages.

Accepted Answer

the nature of the problem the researcher wishes to answer will determine which marginal total will serve as a base for computing percentages.

Question 18

Combining the data from adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation.

Accepted Answer

Combining adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation to simplify the analysis, reduce the number of response options, and increase statistical power. For example, combining "strongly agree" and "agree" into one category and "strongly disagree" and "disagree" into another category. However, this should be done cautiously and with a rational basis to avoid loss of information and potential bias.

Question 19

An extreme value that lies far beyond range of most of the data in a distribution (either as a very high score or as a very low score)is called an outlier.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately defines an outlier.

Question 20

Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement of data in a summary format.

Accepted Answer

Tabulation involves organizing information in an orderly and concise summary format. This method is particularly useful when trying to represent large amounts of data in a structured and easy-to-read manner. Examples of tabular formats include tables, spreadsheets, and charts, which are commonly used in various fields such as finance, statistics, and research.

Quiz 14: Basic Data Analysis