Question 1

Hannah is unable to recognize objects visually. For example, when she sees an apple, she can't say what it is. She can't verbalize the size, shape, or orientation of objects, but if she is allowed to touch them, she knows what they are. Hannah has

Accepted Answer

Hannah's symptoms are indicative of visual agnosia, a condition where a person cannot recognize objects visually but can identify them through other senses, such as touch.

Question 2

Masahiro doesn't get along with his new manager, but he pretends he does, even to himself. One day, Masahiro's wife points out that he has been picking fights with her since his new boss joined the company and suggests that he's actually angry with his boss. In other words, she is suggesting that Masahiro is using __________ to deal with his feelings for his boss.

Accepted Answer

Masahiro's wife is suggesting that he is using a defense mechanism, specifically displacement, to redirect his feelings of anger from his boss to his wife.

Question 3

Pietro's professor says that although many animals' behaviors are governed wholly by instinct, human beings have choices about what to do in any given situation. Thanks to evolution, humans have self-awareness, the ability to plan, and an ability to reflect on the possible courses of a given action. These abilities are components of a larger framework we call

Accepted Answer

Consciousness refers to the state of being aware of and able to think about one's own existence, thoughts, and surroundings, which includes self-awareness, planning, and reflection.

Question 4

Barbara hasn't ridden a bicycle in years, but when she sees on television a bike with handlebar streamers and playing cards in the spokes, she remembers learning to ride her best friend's bike. The childhood memory of learning to ride a bike has moved from Barbara's __________ to her__________.

Accepted Answer

The memory was not in Barbara's immediate awareness but was easily brought to her conscious mind when triggered by the television, indicating it moved from the preconscious to the conscious.

Question 5

Because we learn to do familiar tasks automatically, we can focus our time and energy on other things. The problem with always relying on automatic processing is that

Accepted Answer

Relying on automatic processing can limit our ability to discover new or more efficient problem-solving methods, as we may not actively engage in critical thinking or exploration.

Question 6

Devondra's older sister can tie her shoelaces without even looking down. Devondra knows that eventually she will be able to do the same thing, but until then she has to use conscious attention and effort; that is, __________ to tie her shoes.

Accepted Answer

Controlled processing requires conscious attention and effort, which is what Devondra is using to tie her shoes until she can do it automatically.

Question 7

Jermain has a rare condition that keeps him from recognizing his own face in the mirror. His memory is intact, and he is able to name objects, but he can't identify faces. Jermain has

Accepted Answer

Prosopagnosia is a neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces, which matches Jermain's symptoms.

Question 8

Vanessa sustained damage to the left hemisphere of her brain and now is blind in the right half of her visual field. If a shape is flashed in her right visual field, she reports that she cannot see it; however, when asked to guess the shape, she is almost always right. Vanessa has

Accepted Answer

Blindsight is a condition where individuals with damage to the visual cortex can respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them. Vanessa's ability to guess the shape correctly despite reporting she cannot see it is indicative of blindsight.

Question 9

Though Patrizia knows that the store-brand cereal's contents are the same as the brand-name cereal's contents, she can never bring herself to buy the generic product even though it's cheaper. Without knowing why, she has a more positive feeling toward the brand-name product. Patrizia has probably been subject to __________ by advertisements.

Accepted Answer

Priming occurs when exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus, often without conscious guidance or intention. Advertisements can prime consumers to have positive feelings towards brand-name products.

Question 10

As a result of brain damage, D.F. cannot recognize the faces of her relatives and friends or identifycommon objects. Though she can't perceive the differences among various objects, she can maneuvera room without bumping into anything and when asked to insert an object into a rectangular slot, sheis able to do so. Why is D.F. able to maneuver her environment even though she cannot consciouslyrecognize objects?

Accepted Answer

D.F.'s condition suggests that while her conscious visual recognition is impaired, her brain's dorsal stream, which is responsible for spatial awareness and guiding movements, is still functioning. This allows her to maneuver her environment and perform tasks like inserting an object into a slot.

Question 11

Vince prefers to take classes later in the day and feels he is most productive in the afternoon and evening. His friend, Francesca, prefers to go to bed early and get up early, and she claims to feel more productive in the morning. Vince's and Francesca's preferences may be regulated by biological cycles called

Accepted Answer

Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that regulate sleep-wake patterns and other bodily functions, influencing when individuals feel most alert and productive.

Question 12

Yves always has problems with depression during the winter: He feels sadder than normal and is unusually tired when he gets up for the day. His problems always subside in the spring. His physician suggests that Yves buy a lightbox so he can expose himself to bright artificial light each day. This treatment approach is called

Accepted Answer

Phototherapy, also known as light therapy, is a treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) where patients are exposed to bright artificial light to mimic natural sunlight and alleviate symptoms.

Question 13

Jason lives in New York and is going to California for the first time. He has always preferred to stay up late at night and get up late in the morning. Since he normally goes to bed at three

Accepted Answer

Circadian rhythms are the natural, internal processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle and repeat roughly every 24 hours. Traveling to a different time zone, like from New York to California, can disrupt these rhythms, affecting sleep patterns.

Question 14

During REM sleep, Angela often sleepwalks. If her parents speak to her, she answers, but in themorning she denies any memory of being up. Assuming Angela is really sleepwalking, this is unusualbehavior for the REM stage of sleep, because

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the body experiences sleep paralysis, which prevents sleepwalking. Sleepwalking typically occurs during non-REM sleep stages.

Question 15

Studies show that activity decreases in the prefrontal cortex during REM. Among other things, the prefrontal cortex is responsible for planning and logical thinking. Researchers think this may affect dream content by

Accepted Answer

The decrease in activity in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for logical thinking and planning, allows dreams to be illogical and bizarre during REM sleep.

Question 16

Iris considers herself a procrastinator who routinely leaves assignments until the last minute. As finalsweek approaches, she realizes she has several projects due and will not have time to sleep if she hopes to get them all done. Sleep deprivation is likely to affect her critical thinking skills in that she is likely to perform __________ someone who is rested.

Accepted Answer

Sleep deprivation negatively impacts cognitive functions, including critical thinking, leading to poorer performance compared to someone who is well-rested.

Question 17

Twila has no problems going to sleep at night, but she wakes up often during the night and considerably earlier than she would like to each morning. She does not feel rested when she gets up for the day, and since the problem has existed for weeks, her job performance is being affected. What is Twila's problem?

Accepted Answer

Twila's symptoms of waking up frequently during the night and waking up earlier than desired, along with not feeling rested, are indicative of insomnia.

Question 18

Theresa's mother and father have come to visit her for the holidays. Unfortunately, her father snores loudly and is keeping her awake. She notices that from time to time his breathing stops completely and then restarts. Her father may have

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep, which aligns with the symptoms described.

Question 19

Ethan dreams that one of his teachers is giving a test, and he has forgotten to study. When he getsto math class the next day, his teacher announces a pop quiz. Ethan wonders if he might be psychic.Which of the following is most likely to be true?

Accepted Answer

All the options provide valid explanations for why Ethan's dream might seem to have predicted the pop quiz, without requiring psychic abilities.

Question 20

Melek's sister has developed schizophrenia. Her psychiatrist explains that positive symptoms, which include hallucinations and delusions, are associated with overactivity of the dopamine system. The psychiatrist prescribes an antipsychotic which will block the activity of dopamine. This means that the antipsychotic is a/an

Accepted Answer

Antagonists block the activity of neurotransmitters like dopamine, which is what the antipsychotic prescribed to Melek's sister is intended to do.

Quiz 6: Consciousness