Question 1

A characteristic limitation of Rotter's social-cognitive viewpoint is it places:

Accepted Answer

Rotter's social-cognitive viewpoint places too much emphasis on cognitive variables at the expense of emotional reactions and too much emphasis on the prediction of behavior and too little emphasis on trying to understand personality.

Question 2

Albert is considering asking his boss for a raise. He looks at his boss' facial expression when she comes into the office and the monthly sales figures for his boss' department. Albert decides not to ask for a raise because his boss is frowning and the sales figures are well below average. According to Bandura, Albert is processing this information through his:

Accepted Answer

Albert is using his self system, which according to Bandura, involves cognitive processes that help individuals interpret and respond to their environment, including social cues and performance outcomes.

Question 3

Albert is considering asking his boss for a raise. He looks at his boss' facial expression when she comes into the office and the monthly sales figures for his boss' department. Albert decides not to ask for a raise because his boss is frowning and the sales figures are well below average. At a noon meeting, the boss makes a few jokes and announces that Jeff, a co-worker of Albert's, will be getting a raise. Albert also hears that based on his boss' behavior at the meeting, two other coworkers are going to ask for a raise. Albert now decides to ask for a raise. According to Bandura, Albert decision is based on the process of:

Accepted Answer

Albert's decision is based on Bandura's concept of triadic reciprocal causation, which involves the interaction of personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences. Albert's observation of his boss' behavior and the environment (co-workers getting raises) influenced his decision to ask for a raise.

Question 4

Albert is considering asking his boss for a raise, but is not sure how he should approach the subject. He notices that his co-workers always take in recent examples of their work, comment on how well the company is doing, and tell a few jokes before they ask the boss for a raise. According to Bandura, Albert is acquiring the complex pattern of behavior through the process of:

Accepted Answer

Albert is learning the behavior by observing his co-workers, which aligns with Bandura's concept of observational learning.

Question 5

After watching enough detective dramas on television and reading many crime novels, Alice knows how to scam people over the phone but would never consider doing it. This illustrates Bandura's distinction between:

Accepted Answer

Bandura's distinction between learning and performance highlights that individuals can learn behaviors through observation without necessarily performing them. Alice has learned how to scam people but chooses not to perform the act.

Question 6

Ron sees on television that those who behave aggressively seem to get what they want. As a result, he slapped a playmate on the playground because he would not give him the soccer ball. This illustrates Bandua's emphasis on the role of:

Accepted Answer

Ron observed aggressive behavior being rewarded on television, which led him to imitate that behavior, demonstrating vicarious reinforcement.

Question 7

Mr. Fields is trying to teach the students in his third grade class how to protect themselves if their clothes were to catch on fire. He demonstrates the "stop-drop-and-roll technique several times. He then asks them to perform the technique to see if they have learned it. None of the students can do it. According to Bandura, in order for Mr. Fields to teach them the technique, he must first:

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's social learning theory, attention is the first step in learning through observation. Mr. Fields must ensure he has the students' attention before they can effectively learn the "stop-drop-and-roll" technique.

Question 8

According to Bandura, the retention of the observable actions of others can be retained to a greater degree if the individual is asked to:

Accepted Answer

Bandura's social learning theory suggests that retention is enhanced when individuals describe verbally (A) and create mental images (B) of the actions they observe, as these processes aid in encoding and recalling the observed behaviors.

Question 9

Lisa's dad explains to her how to cast a fishing line while he casts his own line. When Lisa tries to cast her line for the first time, she verbalizes out loud what she is supposed to do while she tries it. According to Bandura, Lisa is engaging in the process of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lisa's dad explains to her how to...

Question 10

According to Bandura, a critical element in going from learning a behavior to actually performing it is the:

Accepted Answer

Level of motivation is a critical element in going from learning a behavior to actually performing it because it determines the likelihood that an individual will engage in the behavior.

Question 11

Based on the research of Bandura and others, those children who play video games in which they receive points for "maiming and killing" their opponents can be expected to ____ when playing with others.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's research on observational learning and aggression suggests that children who are exposed to violent behaviors, such as those in video games, are more likely to imitate such behaviors, leading to aggressive play.

Question 12

The relationship between viewing violent television and films and increased aggressive behavior has also been found for other forms of the media, such as:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that exposure to violence in various forms of media, including news programs, music lyrics, and video games, can be associated with increased aggressive behavior.

Question 13

To help explain the relationship between exposure to violent media and increased aggressive behavior, it has been suggested that continued exposure to violent media leads to the creation of a knowledge base regarding aggression that increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior that includes:

Accepted Answer

Exposure to violent media can lead to acquiring information on aggressive behavior, developing expectations that aggression is effective, and creating norms that justify aggression under certain conditions.

Question 14

Compared to couples who were not exposed to erotic films, couples exposed to erotic films tend to:

Accepted Answer

Exposure to erotic films can lead to a temporary increase in sexual arousal and interest, which may result in a short-lived increase in sexual behavior.

Question 15

There is evidence to suggest that after prolonged exposure to pornography involving violence against woman, both male and female viewers:

Accepted Answer

Prolonged exposure to violent pornography can desensitize viewers, leading to more callous attitudes towards victims, perceiving violent crimes as less serious, and agreeing with rape myths.

Question 16

Joan asks her boss to let her make a critical presentation at a sales meeting because she has been practicing the presentation for over a week. According to Bandura, Joan is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Joan is demonstrating self-efficacy, which is the belief in her ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, as she feels confident in her practiced presentation skills.

Question 17

Joan asks her boss to let her make a critical presentation at a sales meeting because she has been practicing the presentation for over a week. Joan also believes that a successful presentation will result in a promotion within the department. According to Bandura, Joan is demonstrating _____ about her performance.

Accepted Answer

Joan is demonstrating outcome expectancies, which refer to the belief that a certain behavior (making a successful presentation) will lead to a specific outcome (a promotion).

Question 18

Ester really wants to be a member of a certain honor society on campus but feels that she is not popular enough to get in, which will hurt her chances of getting a job in a prestigious law firm after graduation. Such prospects make her feel very anxious but cause her to study even harder. According to Bandura, this scenario illustrates the impact of _____ on thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their ability to succeed at a task, while outcome expectancies refer to the belief that certain behaviors will lead to certain outcomes. In this scenario, Ester's self-efficacy is low, as she does not believe she is popular enough to get into the honor society. However, her outcome expectancies are high, as she believes that getting into the honor society will help her get a job in a prestigious law firm. This combination of low self-efficacy and high outcome expectancies is causing her to feel anxious and to study harder.

Question 19

According to Bandua, self-efficacy is influenced by:

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy, according to Bandura, is influenced by verbal persuasion (what others tell you), past performance feedback, and emotional arousal.

Question 20

Shy Steve sees that others at the party seem to be having a good time because they are discussing subjects about which they seem to have some expertise. As a result, Steve starts talking about his passion for gardening to a group of people standing near the buffet. According to Bandura, this illustrates the impact of _____ on self-efficacy.

Accepted Answer

Steve's behavior is influenced by observing others, which is an example of vicarious experience impacting self-efficacy.

Quiz 10: The Social-Cognitive Viewpoint: Cognitive Processes and Personality