Question 1

What information-processing memory theory has been applied to the study of language development?

Accepted Answer

The connectionist model has been applied to language development, emphasizing how neural networks can simulate the way humans learn language through exposure and experience.

Question 2

Critics claim that connectionist models have difficulty explaining ________ in children's language development.

Accepted Answer

Connectionist models, which rely on gradual learning through exposure, struggle to explain one-trial learning, where children learn something after a single exposure.

Question 3

What is the earliest evidence of humans' ability to understand basic mathematical ideas?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that newborns less than one week old can distinguish between small quantities, such as two and three black dots, indicating an innate ability to understand basic numerical differences.

Question 4

What is the perceptual process that we use to quickly determine the quantity of a small set of objects?

Accepted Answer

Subitizing is the perceptual process that we use to quickly determine the quantity of a small set of objects.

Question 5

As your friend is walking to class, she drops a few coins from her pocket. You quickly glance at the ground and tell her that she has dropped three coins. This is most likely an example of the process called

Accepted Answer

Subitizing is the rapid, accurate, and confident judgments of numbers performed for small numbers of items, typically up to about five, without counting.

Question 6

When a child can figure out that 4 + 7 is 11 by first adding 4 + 6 and then adding one, he or she is using

Accepted Answer

The child is using a counting strategy by breaking down the problem into simpler parts and then combining them to find the solution.

Question 7

As children get older, they tend to use what type of strategy to determine mathematical quantity?

Accepted Answer

As children grow older, they typically develop quicker strategies based on remembering basic math concepts, moving away from more concrete methods like counting all items or using fingers.

Question 8

According to the _______________ model, children tend to use the fastest approach that they can execute correctly.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the _______________ model, children tend...

Question 9

The strategy choice model predicts that when there is a weak association between a problem and its correct answer, children will use ______________ such as counting, guessing, or deriving an answer based on known facts or rules.

Accepted Answer

The strategy choice model suggests that when children face problems with weak associations to their answers, they resort to backup strategies like counting or guessing to derive answers, as these strategies help them navigate uncertainty.

Question 10

Steven is trying to determine how many crackers his mother gave him for lunch. He counts the first two crackers, then counts five more crackers, and then counts all seven crackers and states out loud, "I have seven crackers!" Steven is using which counting strategy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Steven is trying to determine how many...

Question 11

Cassandra knows from her hours and hours of memorizing her times tables that 7 x 3 = 21 so that when her teacher asks her, she can easily bring the answer to mind. Cassandra is using which mathematical strategy?

Accepted Answer

Fact retrieval is the process of bringing to mind a previously learned fact, such as a multiplication fact.

Question 12

All of the following factors contribute to difficulties completing mathematical word problems except

Accepted Answer

Using a familiar context can actually aid in understanding and solving mathematical word problems, rather than contributing to difficulties.

Question 13

When six-year-old Molly is working on addition and subtraction problems, her father refuses to let her count on her fingers. According to research, her father's refusal may

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that using fingers can help children understand and internalize basic arithmetic concepts, so preventing Molly from using her fingers may slow down her learning process.

Question 14

The best way to help children understand and remember mathematical knowledge is to

Accepted Answer

Encouraging children to use backup strategies helps them understand the underlying concepts and develop problem-solving skills, which aids in better retention and understanding of mathematical knowledge.

Question 15

A study of Brazilian children who were experienced at selling products at street stands found that the children were good at solving word problems that had a "selling" context. However, the children performed much worse on word problems that required the same computations but

Accepted Answer

The children were familiar with the selling context, which helped them solve problems related to it. Without that context, they struggled, even if the computations were the same.

Question 16

Who said that "the learning and uses of literacy are among the most advanced forms of intelligence, and, compared to other forms, depend more on instruction and practice"?

Accepted Answer

Jeanne Chall, a noted psychologist and reading researcher, emphasized the importance of instruction and practice in the development of literacy skills.

Question 17

What percentage of individuals in the United States are poor readers?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 25% of individuals in the United States are considered poor readers, struggling with basic literacy skills.

Question 18

What factor best predicts success in early reading?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What factor best predicts success in early...

Question 19

All of the following are stages in Chall's theory except

Accepted Answer

Chall's theory of reading development includes stages such as fluency, multiple viewpoints, and reading/decoding, but "working knowledge" is not one of the stages in her model.

Question 20

According to Chall's theory of reading development, the stage fluency occurs at which age period?

Accepted Answer

Chall's theory of reading development states that the stage of fluency, where children become more fluent readers, typically occurs during grades 2 to 3.

Quiz 11: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood