Question 1

Obtaining informed consent from research participants is a process that involves:

Accepted Answer

Informed consent involves both informing participants about the research and obtaining their consent to participate, ensuring they understand the study and agree voluntarily.

Question 2

In 1954, Vinacke wrote a letter to the editor of the American Psychologist:

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

The Nuremberg Code was developed after:

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg Code was developed in response to the unethical medical experiments conducted on concentration camp inmates by Nazi doctors during World War II.

Question 4

The Declaration of Helsinki:

Accepted Answer

The Declaration of Helsinki is a set of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. It states that research must be reviewed by an independent group of individuals who will ensure that the research protocol adheres to accepted ethical standards. The Declaration also suggests that medical researchers are obligated to protect the health, welfare, and dignity of research participants.

Question 5

The first ethical code of the American Psychological Association (APA) was accepted in:

Accepted Answer

The first ethical code of the American Psychological Association (APA) was accepted in 1953.

Question 6

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are the three basic principles of ethical treatment of human participants underlying all medical and behavioral research. These principles are presented in the:

Accepted Answer

The Belmont Report outlines the three basic ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, which guide research involving human subjects.

Question 7

In the context of the Belmont Report, which of the following is a component of beneficence?

Accepted Answer

Beneficence in the Belmont Report refers to the ethical principle of maximizing benefits and minimizing harms to research participants, which includes protecting their well-being.

Question 8

In the context of the Belmont Report, which of the following principles states that researchers and participants should share the costs and potential benefits of research as well as prohibits using participant populations simply because they are readily available, are convenient, and may have difficulty refusing participation in research?

Accepted Answer

The principle of Justice in the Belmont Report emphasizes the fair distribution of the costs and benefits of research. It prohibits exploiting vulnerable populations simply because they are easily accessible or less able to decline participation.

Question 9

According to the 2002 APA ethical principles that apply to human research participants, informed consent shall be obtained when voices or images are recorded as data unless:

Accepted Answer

Informed consent can be waived if the research involves deception, provided that participants are informed and consent is obtained during debriefing.

Question 10

According to the 2002 APA ethical principles that apply to human research participants, informed consent when required should include:

Accepted Answer

Informed consent should include all aspects mentioned: the right to decline or withdraw, foreseeable consequences of doing so, and factors influencing willingness to participate.

Question 11

According to the 2002 APA ethical principles that apply to human research participants, informed consent may be dispensed with only:

Accepted Answer

Informed consent may be dispensed with when the research involves no more than minimal risk to participants and would not reasonably be assumed to cause distress or harm.

Question 12

According to the APA ethical principles, deception is an acceptable research practice if:

Accepted Answer

Deception is permissible if it is justified by the study's significant value and no effective nondeceptive alternatives are feasible.

Question 13

According to the APA principles, if you decide to use deception in your research, you must:

Accepted Answer

The APA principles require that if deception is used, researchers must explain it to participants as soon as feasible, typically during debriefing, to ensure ethical standards are maintained.

Question 14

According to the APA ethical principles, when psychologists conduct research with clients/patients, students, or subordinates as participants, they should take steps to:

Accepted Answer

Psychologists should ensure that participants can decline or withdraw from research without facing any negative consequences, as part of respecting their autonomy and protecting their welfare.

Question 15

In the context of the guidelines that apply to using children as research participants, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2009) regulations for research with human participants states that:

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations require that the assent of child participants be obtained unless the research is exempt, ensuring that children are informed and agree to participate.

Question 16

An institutional review board (IRB) reviews your research to ensure that it:

Accepted Answer

An IRB primarily ensures that research adheres to ethical guidelines, protecting the rights and welfare of participants.

Question 17

A proposal submitted to an IRB includes:

Accepted Answer

All the options listed are typically required in a proposal submitted to an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to ensure ethical standards are met in research involving human participants.

Question 18

One factor that both researchers and IRBs must assess is:

Accepted Answer

Researchers and IRBs must assess the risk-benefit ratio to ensure that the potential benefits of the research justify any risks to participants.

Question 19

Which of the following is a disadvantage of an institutional review board (IRB)?

Accepted Answer

IRB review processes can be time-consuming and costly, which can delay the start of research projects.

Question 20

An Internet research gives potential participants a full description of the study, an informed-consent form, an opportunity to withdraw from the study, and information on how to obtain follow-up information. This Internet research:

Accepted Answer

Internet research that provides full disclosure, informed consent, and withdrawal options poses no more ethical concerns than traditional offline research, assuming it follows ethical guidelines and is reviewed by an IRB.

Quiz 7: Understanding Ethical Issues in the Research Process