Question 1

Johnson's diagnosogenic theory states that:

Accepted Answer

Johnson's diagnosogenic theory posits that stuttering is caused by the parents' negative reactions to a child's normal disfluencies, which leads the child to develop a stuttering problem.

Question 2

Reports have shown that what used to be considered "no stuttering" Native American groups do, in fact, exhibit the problem of stuttering and even have several words to label it it. These findings:

Accepted Answer

These findings suggest that stuttering is not limited to certain cultures or groups, supporting the idea that it is a universal phenomenon.

Question 3

The Demands-Capacities Model explains stuttering as a product of:

Accepted Answer

The Demands-Capacities Model suggests that stuttering occurs when the demands for fluent speech exceed the speaker's cognitive, linguistic, motor, or emotional capacities to produce it.

Question 4

Compared with psychiatric patients, adults who stutter have been found to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared with psychiatric patients, adults who stutter...

Question 5

In the Two-Factor theory of stuttering (Brutten and Shoemaker, 1967), the primary factor of core stuttering is acquired through:

Accepted Answer

The Two-Factor theory of stuttering posits that core stuttering behaviors are acquired through classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with anxiety or fear, leading to stuttering.

Question 6

In general, research on personality characteristics of stutterers would seem to indicate that:

Accepted Answer

Research generally suggests that stutterers are more similar to nonstutterers than they are different, indicating that stuttering is not strongly linked to unique personality traits.

Question 7

The two-factor theory of stuttering (combining classical and instrumental learning) implies that:

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory suggests that emotional reactions causing fluency breaks are generalized through classical conditioning, while secondary stuttering behaviors are shaped through instrumental (operant) conditioning.

Question 8

The theory that explains stuttering as a behavior learned through reduction in the anxiety drive, suggests that stuttering is reinforced because anxiety is reduced:

Accepted Answer

The theory suggests that stuttering is reinforced because the reduction in anxiety occurs immediately after the stuttering block, before any unpleasant consequences are experienced.

Question 9

Johnson's diagnosogenic theory on the onset of stuttering is based on the assumption that the problem began as a result of this parental action:

Accepted Answer

Johnson's diagnosogenic theory suggests that stuttering begins when parents react negatively to normal disfluencies in their child's speech, causing the child to become anxious and self-conscious, which exacerbates the disfluency.

Question 10

When the monitoring component of the central speech planning system identifies a speech error about to occur, the result is a disfluent event. This scenario best matches the:

Accepted Answer

The Covert Repair Hypothesis suggests that disfluencies occur when the internal monitoring system detects an error in speech planning and attempts to correct it before it is spoken, leading to a disfluent event.

Question 11

According to the Demands & Capacities model, stuttering will occur when:

Accepted Answer

The Demands & Capacities model suggests that stuttering occurs when the demands placed on a child exceed their capacities in areas such as fluency, motor skills, cognitive abilities, or emotional regulation. All options describe scenarios where demands exceed capacities.

Question 12

Which of the following states that fluency breaks down when environmental and/or self-imposed pressures exceed the speaker's cognitive, linguistic, motoric and/or emotional abilities for responding:?

Accepted Answer

The Demands and Capacities Model suggests that fluency breaks down when the demands placed on a speaker exceed their capacities in cognitive, linguistic, motoric, or emotional areas.

Question 13

Which of the following is not considered by Johnson et al. (1959) to be a major variable supporting his Diagnosogenic theory?

Accepted Answer

Johnson et al.'s Diagnosogenic theory primarily focuses on the listener's reaction to a child's disfluency and the child's subsequent reaction, not on time pressure in conversation.

Question 14

Which pair of terms best fits the components in the dual diathesis-stressor model of stuttering?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which pair of terms best fits the...

Question 15

Which theory explains stuttering as an asynchrony between the arrival of syllable frames and segmental fillers?

Accepted Answer

The Neuropsycholinguistic Theory explains stuttering as an asynchrony between the arrival of syllable frames and segmental fillers, suggesting a timing mismatch in speech production processes.

Question 16

A review of the research on personality of people who stutter would seem to indicate that no particular stuttering character structure has been identified.

Accepted Answer

Research has not conclusively identified a specific personality structure unique to people who stutter, indicating variability in personality traits among individuals who stutter.

Question 17

One of the weaknesses of stuttering theories that explain the disorder as psychogenic in nature is that major stuttering symptomatology, such as negative emotional reaction (anxiety), may not be present during early stages of the disorder.

Accepted Answer

Psychogenic theories suggest that stuttering is caused by psychological factors, but early stuttering often lacks the emotional symptoms these theories predict, indicating other factors may be involved.

Question 18

From a theoretical point of view, the consistency effects in stuttering suggests that other factors besides negative emotion contributes to stuttering.

Accepted Answer

The answer of From a theoretical point of view, the...

Question 19

Temperament research has revealed tendencies toward greater sensitivity, reactivity, and lower adaptability in children who stutter

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that children who stutter often exhibit temperamental traits such as increased sensitivity, heightened reactivity, and lower adaptability, which may influence their speech patterns and stuttering behavior.

Question 20

As a group, more than half of those who stutter exhibit a moderate, though consistent, trend of having a compulsive personality trait.

Accepted Answer

There is no scientific consensus or evidence that more than half of people who stutter have a compulsive personality trait. Stuttering is a speech disorder, not a personality trait.

Quiz 6: Is Stuttering Psychological Theories and Investigations