Question 1

The drive reduction hypothesis and the optimum-level theory have in common the problem
A) of accounting for the effects of negative reinforcement.
B) that many behaviours actually increase drive and arousal.
C) that no one knows what a drive is.
D) of measurement.
E) that no one knows what arousal is.

Accepted Answer

The drive reduction hypothesis and the optimum-level theory both have the problem of measurement. The drive reduction hypothesis states that organisms are motivated to reduce their drives, while the optimum-level theory states that organisms are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. However, both of these theories are difficult to test because it is difficult to measure drives and arousal.

Question 2

__________ is the tendency to continue to perform a behaviour even when it is not being reinforced.
A) Motivation
B) Perseverance
C) Regulatory behaviour
D) A drive
E) Diversive exploration

Accepted Answer

Perseverance refers to the persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success, which includes continuing a behavior without immediate reinforcement.

Question 3

Research supports the contention that the "school of hard knocks"leads to
A) increases in persistence.
B) giving up more often.
C) persistence only if we sometimes succeed.
D) giving up only when we fail.
E) increases in aggressive behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that experiencing challenges and occasional successes can lead to increased persistence, as overcoming difficulties can build resilience and motivation to continue.

Question 4

The quiet office worker who pounds on the candy machine that fails to dispense a purchase, is most probably displaying
A) motivation.
B) perseverance.
C) regulatory behaviour.
D) extinction-induced aggression.
E) diversive exploration.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D) extinction-induced aggression. This term refers to an increase in the intensity or frequency of a behavior when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced. In this scenario, the office worker is reacting aggressively (pounding on the candy machine) because the expected outcome (receiving candy) after inserting money did not occur, which is a form of frustration-induced aggression due to the extinction of the reinforced behavior (inserting money to receive candy).

Question 5

The __________ suggests that when extrinsic rewards are provided for intrinsically motivated behaviour, intrinsic motivation is reduced.
A) drive reduction hypothesis
B) optimum-level hypothesis
C) learned helplessness hypothesis
D) perseverance hypothesis
E) overjustification hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The overjustification hypothesis suggests that when extrinsic rewards are given for an activity that individuals are already intrinsically motivated to perform, their intrinsic motivation can decrease because the external reward may overjustify the behavior, leading individuals to attribute their actions to the reward rather than to their own interest in the activity.

Question 6

The overjustification hypothesis suggests that when __________ are increased __________ will be decreased.
A) extrinsic motivations; behaviour
B) intrinsic rewards; extrinsic motivation
C) behaviours; extrinsic motivation
D) extrinsic rewards; intrinsic motivation
E) intrinsic motivations; laziness

Accepted Answer

The overjustification hypothesis posits that if external rewards (extrinsic rewards) are increased for an activity that is already rewarding in itself, the internal drive or motivation (intrinsic motivation) to perform that activity may decrease.

Question 7

Pascale is an eight-year-old who loves reading. One day her mother announces that she will pay Pascale one dollar for every book she finishes. According to the __________ hypothesis, the amount Pascale reads should __________.
A) drive reduction; increase
B) optimum-level; decrease
C) overjustification; decrease
D) drive reduction; decrease
E) overjustification; increase

Accepted Answer

The overjustification hypothesis suggests that if a person is given external rewards for an activity they already find intrinsically rewarding, their intrinsic motivation to engage in that activity may decrease. Therefore, if Pascale is paid to read books—a task she already enjoys—according to the overjustification hypothesis, her intrinsic motivation to read might decrease, leading to a decrease in the amount she reads.

Question 8

If the motivation behind a behaviour has switched from intrinsic to extrinsic rewards, there will be no visible difference in the level of behaviour as long as
A) the behaviour is not punished.
B) the extrinsic rewards continue to be available.
C) the behaviour is intrinsically pleasant.
D) the extrinsic rewards are provided intermittently.
E) the intrinsic rewards are not reintroduced.

Accepted Answer

The level of a behavior can remain consistent when the motivation shifts from intrinsic to extrinsic, as long as the extrinsic rewards (such as money, praise, or other external incentives) continue to be available. This sustains the individual's motivation to engage in the behavior.

Question 9

In Lepper and colleagues' study, some children were told in advance that they would be given prizes for drawing. At a later time when no prizes were available, these children showed __________ interest in drawing.
A) an increased
B) a decreased
C) the same level of
D) absolutely no
E) a constant

Accepted Answer

In Lepper and colleagues' study, children who were initially rewarded for drawing showed a decreased interest in the activity when the rewards were no longer available, illustrating the undermining effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

Question 10

The study by Lepper and colleagues, in which children were rewarded for drawing during play periods, showed that giving an extrinsic reward will not reduce behaviour if the reward is
A) understimulating.
B) reinforcing.
C) unexpected.
D) large enough.
E) accompanied by intrinsic motivation.

Accepted Answer

The study by Lepper and colleagues found that giving an extrinsic reward that is unexpected does not reduce intrinsic interest in an activity. In contrast, expected extrinsic rewards can diminish intrinsic motivation, as individuals might then perform the activity for the reward rather than for the inherent enjoyment of the activity itself.

Question 11

Learning that an aversive event can neither be avoided nor escaped is called learned
A) hopelessness.
B) ambivalence.
C) helplessness.
D) apathy.
E) defeat.

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is the psychological condition where an individual learns they have no control over unpleasant or harmful conditions, their actions are futile, and thus, they stop trying to change or escape their situation.

Question 12

Because it tends to persist and generalize to many situations, learned helplessness has
A) no experimental support.
B) the characteristics of a personality trait.
C) its roots in optimum arousal theory.
D) applications for understanding schizophrenic disorders.
E) a foundation in the principles of instrumental conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed. It is considered to have the characteristics of a personality trait because it tends to be pervasive across different situations and over time, affecting an individual's actions and outlook in a way that is consistent with how personality traits influence behavior.

Question 13

A deficit in the body's level of nutrients will
A) produce aggression.
B) produce sleepiness.
C) cause a search for food.
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

A deficit in the body's level of nutrients triggers a biological response to seek food in order to restore the balance of nutrients, leading to behaviors aimed at obtaining food.

Question 14

An early theory of hunger proposed by Cannon and Washburn asserted that people are motivated to eat when their
A) hypothalamuses signal the nervous system that blood-sugar levels are low.
B) temporary fat reservoirs are low.
C) set points for food are triggered by signals from the brain.
D) stomachs are empty.
E) blood-sugar levels are high.

Accepted Answer

Cannon and Washburn's early theory of hunger focused on the role of the stomach, proposing that hunger is experienced when the stomach is empty. This was based on their research, including Washburn's famous experiment where he swallowed a balloon and noted that stomach contractions coincided with feelings of hunger.

Question 15

Cannon's theory of hunger is shown to be weak by evidence that people still become hungry even when their
A) hypothalamuses are damaged.
B) stomachs are removed.
C) blood-sugar levels are high.
D) glucostats are surgically disconnected from the hypothalamus.
E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Cannon's theory of hunger, which suggests that hunger is primarily triggered by an empty stomach, is challenged by evidence showing that people can still experience hunger even after their stomachs have been removed. This indicates that hunger signals involve more than just the stomach's condition, implicating other physiological and neurological factors in the regulation of hunger.

Question 16

Our short-term store of nutrients consists of
A) adipose tissue.
B) glycogen.
C) fatty acids.
D) glucose.
E) glucostats.

Accepted Answer

Glycogen is the primary short-term storage form of glucose in the body, stored mainly in the liver and muscles.

Question 17

Our long-term store of nutrients consists of
A) adipose tissue.
B) glycogen.
C) fatty acids.
D) glucose.
E) glucostats.

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue serves as the body's main long-term energy storage, storing energy in the form of fats.

Question 18

Glycogen is to __________ storage as adipose tissue is to __________ storage.
A) body; brain
B) long-term; short-term
C) glycerol; fatty acid
D) short-term; long-term
E) brain; body

Accepted Answer

Glycogen is a form of short-term energy storage found primarily in the liver and muscles, while adipose tissue stores fat for long-term energy.

Question 19

Fatty acids are to the __________ as glucose is to the __________.
A) hypothalamus; pancreas
B) body; brain
C) Cannon and Washburn theory; glucostatic hypothesis
D) short-term reservoir; long-term reservoir
E) brain; pancreas

Accepted Answer

Fatty acids are a primary energy source for the body, while glucose is a primary energy source for the brain.

Question 20

The glucostatic hypothesis asserts that hunger occurs when the amount of __________ in the blood is __________.
A) glycogen; high
B) glycogen; low
C) glucose; high
D) glucose; low
E) glucostats; high

Accepted Answer

The glucostatic hypothesis suggests that hunger is triggered when the level of glucose in the blood is low, indicating a need for energy intake.

Quiz 13: Motivation and Emotion

The drive reduction hypothesis and the optimum-level theory have in common the problem

__________ is the tendency to continue to perform a behaviour even when it is not being reinforced.

Research supports the contention that the "school of hard knocks"leads to

The quiet office worker who pounds on the candy machine that fails to dispense a purchase, is most probably displaying

The __________ suggests that when extrinsic rewards are provided for intrinsically motivated behaviour, intrinsic motivation is reduced.

The overjustification hypothesis suggests that when are increased will be decreased.

Pascale is an eight-year-old who loves reading. One day her mother announces that she will pay Pascale one dollar for every book she finishes. According to the hypothesis, the amount Pascale reads should .

If the motivation behind a behaviour has switched from intrinsic to extrinsic rewards, there will be no visible difference in the level of behaviour as long as

In Lepper and colleagues' study, some children were told in advance that they would be given prizes for drawing. At a later time when no prizes were available, these children showed __________ interest in drawing.

The study by Lepper and colleagues, in which children were rewarded for drawing during play periods, showed that giving an extrinsic reward will not reduce behaviour if the reward is

Learning that an aversive event can neither be avoided nor escaped is called learned

Because it tends to persist and generalize to many situations, learned helplessness has

A deficit in the body's level of nutrients will

An early theory of hunger proposed by Cannon and Washburn asserted that people are motivated to eat when their

Cannon's theory of hunger is shown to be weak by evidence that people still become hungry even when their

Our short-term store of nutrients consists of

Our long-term store of nutrients consists of

Glycogen is to storage as adipose tissue is to storage.

Fatty acids are to the as glucose is to the .

The glucostatic hypothesis asserts that hunger occurs when the amount of in the blood is .