Question 1

Operant conditioning is the view that learning is achieved when the consequences of a behaviour lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning, a theory developed by B.F. Skinner, posits that behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it, with rewards increasing the likelihood of a behavior's recurrence and punishments decreasing it.

Question 2

The process of controlling behaviour by manipulating its consequences is called operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Question 3

Social learning is achieved through reciprocal interactions among people, behaviour and environment.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory posits that learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling, and is influenced by the interactions among individuals, their behaviors, and their environments.

Question 4

Classical conditioning has largely replaced operant conditioning for managerial use.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning focuses on associating an involuntary response with a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about modifying behavior through rewards or punishments. Operant conditioning is more applicable to managerial practices as it directly relates to influencing employee behavior through reinforcement or consequences.

Question 5

Cognitive learning is achieved by thinking about the perceived relationship between events and individual goals and expectations.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning involves understanding, applying, and engaging with the information on a deeper level, where thinking about relationships between events, individual goals, and expectations plays a crucial role in how information is processed and learned.

Question 6

The law of contingency is the foundation for reinforcement theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The law of contingency is the foundation...

Question 7

Burnout is a psychological concept associated with the experience of long term exhaustion or diminished interest usually within the workplace.

Accepted Answer

Burnout is indeed recognized as a psychological condition that results from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed, leading to feelings of overwhelming exhaustion, cynicism related to one's job, and a sense of reduced professional efficacy.

Question 8

When reinforcement consequences for a behaviour are withdrawn and the behaviour weakens or decreases in frequency, negative reinforcement has occurred.

Accepted Answer

When reinforcement consequences for a behavior are withdrawn and the behavior weakens or decreases in frequency, extinction has occurred, not negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior.

Question 9

The manager who administers punishment to a subordinate may end up being viewed negatively by that subordinate.

Accepted Answer

Punishing a subordinate can lead to negative perceptions of the manager, as it may foster feelings of resentment or unfair treatment, impacting the subordinate's view of the manager's leadership and fairness.

Question 10

Among the guidelines for punishment is the advice to avoid telling the individual being punished what he or she has done wrong.

Accepted Answer

Effective punishment guidelines typically include informing the individual of what they did wrong to ensure understanding and promote learning from the mistake.

Question 11

Reinforcement theory is usually acclaimed for its positive contributions; it is very difficult to find critics of the theory.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement theory, particularly in the context of organizational behavior and psychology, has faced criticism for being overly simplistic, ignoring the internal states of individuals (such as emotions and thoughts), and not accounting for the complexity of human motivation and behavior. Critics argue that it reduces human behavior to a simple stimulus-response mechanism, overlooking the influence of cognitive processes.

Question 12

Self-management strategies are closely related to social learning theory.

Accepted Answer

Self-management strategies are closely related to social learning theory because they often involve observational learning, imitation of models, and reinforcement principles, which are key components of social learning theory.

Question 13

People with high self-efficacy believe that they have the necessary ability for a given job.

Accepted Answer

People with high self-efficacy have confidence in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, which includes believing they have the necessary skills for a given job.

Question 14

People with high efficacy believe that they lack self-control.

Accepted Answer

People with high self-efficacy believe in their ability to succeed and have confidence in their control over their own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

Question 15

Teaching organizations are those in which knowledge is acquired or developed so that it modifies behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Teaching organizations are those in which knowledge...

Question 16

Learning is:
A) a relatively temporary change in behaviour resulting from experience
B) not related to behaviour or experience
C) a relatively permanent change in behaviour resulting from experience
D) concerned with both permanent and temporary changes

Accepted Answer

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience, distinguishing it from temporary changes that might not be based on learning experiences.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT included in general approaches to learning?
A) social learning
B) operant conditioning
C) motivation learning
D) cognitive learning

Accepted Answer

Motivation learning is not typically classified as a general approach to learning in the same way as social learning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning. Instead, motivation is considered a factor that influences or enhances the process of learning rather than a distinct approach or method of learning itself.

Question 18

Operant conditioning is illustrated by:
A) Pavlov's dog salivating at the bell
B) a department store manager congratulating employees for replacing product on demand
C) a previous reaction when asked to step into the boss's office
D) a person experiencing a sharp pain when seeing an electric prod after being tortured with one

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior, such as rewards or punishments. In this case, a department store manager congratulating employees for replacing product on demand is an example of positive reinforcement, a key concept in operant conditioning.

Question 19

Positive reinforcement is a part of:
A) cognitive learning
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) social learning

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement is a key component of operant conditioning, a learning process introduced by B.F. Skinner, where behaviors are increased or decreased based on the consequences that follow them. Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Question 20

Kolb's learning theory is an example of:
A) Social Learning Theory
B) Classical Conditioning Theory
C) Operant Conditioning Theory
D) Experiential Learning Theory

Accepted Answer

Kolb's learning theory is known as Experiential Learning Theory, which emphasizes learning through experience or learning by doing.

Quiz 3: Learning, Reinforcement and Self-Management