Question 1

An additional variable considered in a bivariate relationship,usually with the aim of controlling for the effects of this variable,is referred to as a(n)______ variable.

Accepted Answer

A control variable is used to minimize the effect of a possible confounding variable that could affect the relationship between the two variables under study. It is not the independent or dependent variable and is not used for elaboration.

Question 2

Allowing the researcher to test for nonspuriousness and specifying the different conditions under which the original bivariate relationship might hold,are two advantages of

Accepted Answer

Elaboration is a technique used in research to test for nonspuriousness by introducing additional variables to see if the original relationship holds under different conditions.

Question 3

What guides the construction and interpretation of bivariate tables?

Accepted Answer

The construction and interpretation of bivariate tables are guided by the researcher(s)' theoretical question. The table should be structured in a way that is relevant to the research question being asked, and the interpretation should be based on the theoretical framework being tested. The null hypothesis, strength of the relationship, and number of cells may also be relevant factors, but they are not the primary guides for constructing and interpreting bivariate tables.

Question 4

A technique for the simultaneous organization of two variables into a table is known as

Accepted Answer

Cross-tabulation involves the arrangement of two variables as rows and columns in a table to analyze the relationship between them. It allows for the examination of patterns and relationships between variables, making it a commonly used technique in research and data analysis. Frequency distribution and central tendency are techniques used to analyze a single variable. Bivariate analysis refers to the analysis of the relationship between two variables through statistical methods, which may include cross-tabulation.

Question 5

The introduction of an additional variable into a bivariate relationship to control for its effects is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The introduction of an additional variable to control for its effects is called elaboration. Spuriousness refers to a false relationship between two variables that is caused by a third variable. Independence refers to the lack of a relationship between two variables. Causality refers to the direct relationship between a cause and effect.

Question 6

A relationship in which both the independent and dependent variables are influenced by a causally prior control variable such that the original relationship is "explained away" by the control variable,is referred to as

Accepted Answer

This relationship is commonly referred to as spuriousness, as the original association between the independent and dependent variables vanishes once the control variable is introduced.

Question 7

A statistical interaction between the control variable and the independent is also called a ______ relationship.

Accepted Answer

A statistical interaction between the control variable and the independent variable is referred to as a conditional relationship. It suggests that the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable is conditional on the value of the control variable.

Question 8

For which pair of variables is it impossible to determine the direction of the relationship?

Accepted Answer

Sex and religious preference are categorical variables that are not on a scale with a clear direction, so it is impossible to determine the direction of the relationship between them. The other variables are either numerical or ordinal, which provide a clear direction for their relationship.

Question 9

A bivariate table is a series of ______ joined together to make one table.

Accepted Answer

A bivariate table displays the frequencies of two variables simultaneously, typically arranged in rows and columns. Frequency distributions are the building blocks of such tables, which makes option D the correct choice.

Question 10

By using the example of family support for the transition from high school,the authors illustrate how elaboration is helpful in examining

Accepted Answer

The elaboration mentioned refers to how race, class, and gender impact the availability and quality of family support during high school transition. Therefore, the correct choice is C. The other options are not related to the topic of family support and high school transition.

Question 11

In a cross tabulation,the intersection of a row and column is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The intersection of a row and column in a cross tabulation is typically referred to as a cell because it represents the unique combination of two variables being analyzed. A node or intercept may refer to a different point in a statistical or mathematical analysis, and while "intersection" is technically correct, it is not the most commonly used or precise term for this concept.

Question 12

Which of the following is probably the most helpful guide when untangling bivariate relationships?

Accepted Answer

Theory provides a framework for understanding the relationships between variables, guiding the interpretation of data and the identification of meaningful connections.

Question 13

If the bivariate relationship between the two variables remains about the same after controlling for the effect of one or more causally prior and theoretically relevant variables,then the original bivariate relationship is said to be a(n)

Accepted Answer

When the bivariate relationship between two variables remains consistent even after controlling for the effect of one or more causally prior and theoretically relevant variables, it indicates that the original relationship is not confounded by these other variables. This suggests a direct causal relationship between the two variables, as their association is not explained away by other factors.

Question 14

An intervening variable is a control variable that ______ and ______ in a causal sequence.

Accepted Answer

An intervening variable comes between the independent variable and the dependent variable, in a causal sequence. Therefore, it follows the independent variable and precedes the dependent variable.

Question 15

Once the appropriate percentages for a bivariate table are calculated,one then examines the ______ of these quantities across the categories of the independent variable.

Accepted Answer

Once the appropriate percentages for a bivariate table are calculated, one then examines the difference of these quantities across the categories of the independent variable. This helps to identify any patterns or relationships between the variables.

Question 16

In a bivariate table,the row and column totals are called

Accepted Answer

Marginals refer to the row and column totals in a bivariate table. These are important in analyzing the relationship between two variables. The other options (A, C, and D) are not appropriate as data refers to the individual values in the table, cells refer to the intersection of a row and a column, and variables refer to the two factors being studied.

Question 17

When computing percentages for a bivariate table,it is best to calculate percentages ______ each category of the ______ variable.

Accepted Answer

When computing percentages for a bivariate table, it is best to calculate percentages within each category of the independent variable. This allows for a better understanding of the relationship between the two variables and helps to identify any patterns or trends. Calculating percentages separately or independently of the variables may not provide an accurate representation of the relationship between the two variables. Interval-ratio and spurious variables are not relevant to this question.

Question 18

When it is not apparent which variable is the independent variable or dependent variable,it is common for researchers to

Accepted Answer

When it is not apparent which variable is the independent variable or dependent variable, the best choice is to calculate both the row and column percentages. This will reveal any patterns or relationships between the variables, as both variables can potentially influence each other. By examining both sets of percentages, researchers can determine which variable appears to have a stronger impact on the other.

Question 19

A bivariate relationship between two variables measured at the ordinal level or higher in which the variables vary in opposite directions is called a

Accepted Answer

When two variables at the ordinal level or higher vary in opposite directions, we call it a negative relationship. A negative relationship is denoted by a negative correlation coefficient. Therefore, the correct choice is D - negative relationship.

Question 20

When examining the percentage differences in a bivariate table,the larger the percentage difference,the ______ the relationship between two variables.

Accepted Answer

A larger percentage difference indicates a greater contrast between the two variables, indicating a stronger relationship between them.

Quiz 9: Bivariate Tables

An additional variable considered in a bivariate relationship,usually with the aim of controlling for the effects of this variable,is referred to as a(n) ______ variable.