A research design diagrammed as: 0₁ X 0₂ suggests A) the observations should be analyzed in pairs. B) the samples are independent. C) the t-test for the difference in two means is the appropriate analysis procedure. D) the problem is essentially multivariate in nature. E) that none of the above are implied by the design.

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This design suggests a pre-test/post-test scenario where observations are made before (O1) and after (O2) a treatment (X), indicating that the observations should be analyzed in pairs to assess the effect of the treatment.

A Research Design Diagrammed As: 01 X 02 Suggests

A Research Design Diagrammed As: 0₁ X 0₂ Suggests