Question 1

Darrell and Shawn are reviewing the major themes of the text in preparation for their final exam. Darrell asks Shawn, "What do you call Bronfenbrenner's theory that focuses on the reciprocal relationship among children, their parents, family members, and their connection with cultural traditions?" Shawn's reply should be

Accepted Answer

Bronfenbrenner's theory is known as the ecological model, which emphasizes the complex interactions between children and their environments, including family and cultural contexts.

Question 2

In the opening vignettes to Chapter 10, Michel's beliefs about God and religion establish his world views and devotional outlook while Phyllidia's extended family help maintain her social and cultural traditions. Both of these represent examples of Bronfenbrenner's

Accepted Answer

Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem refers to the cultural context in which a person lives, including beliefs, customs, and societal norms. Michel's beliefs about God and religion, as well as Phyllidia's family traditions, are examples of cultural influences, fitting the definition of the macrosystem.

Question 3

Jamal Ismail grew up in a small kompong (village) in Malaysia. His unique social setting, and the quality of child care he received from his extended family, helped to shape his deep devotion to Islam. Jason Marks, on the other hand, was raised in Howell, Michigan. Raised as an only child, his single mother took primary responsibility for instilling into him strong moral values and a genuine love for the arts. In reviewing the two major themes of the text, both Jamal's and Jason's situations represent examples of Super and Harkness' concept of

Accepted Answer

The developmental niche concept by Super and Harkness refers to the interaction of culture and child development, encompassing physical and social settings, customs of child care, and psychology of the caretakers, all of which are illustrated in the different upbringings of Jamal and Jason.

Question 4

As a behavioral scientist, Byron is monitoring his three-year-old son's development. Of particular interest is the relationship between several contributing variables: family history, social and cultural factors, and his cognitive development. According to the text, Byron is providing a contextual approach to the study of cognitive development. This approach was given prominence by

Accepted Answer

The answer of As a behavioral scientist, Byron is monitoring...

Question 5

Several researchers have studied concepts considered unique to specific cultures (e.g. amae in Japan). Upon further examination, research suggests that similar behavior has been observed, or may have its equivalent, throughout other countries as well. These findings would provide an example of an________ or culture-specific concept that, with further research, may be shown to be an ___________or universal/culture-general concept.

Accepted Answer

Emic approaches study behaviors from within the culture, exploring concepts unique to that culture, while etic approaches study behaviors from outside, identifying universal aspects across cultures. The transition from viewing a concept as unique to a culture (emic) to recognizing its universal presence (etic) aligns with the scenario described.

Question 6

According to Vygotsky, a child's mental abilities develop as a result of participation in collaborative activities with more skilled peers or adults. Consequently, it is the social interaction and___________ that provide the foundation for cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky emphasized the importance of cultural context in cognitive development, arguing that through social interaction within their cultural environment, children learn and internalize the knowledge and skills that are valued by their community.

Question 7

The text discusses some of the challenges in conducting cross-cultural research. Fons van de Vijver asserts that the field must develop "tailor made" methodologies for cross- cultural research. The following would support advancements in this arena:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The text discusses some of the challenges...

Question 8

In the final chapter of "Lives Across Cultures" Gardiner and Kosmitzki predict that future theories of human development will

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the final chapter of "Lives Across...

Question 9

Kohlberg's definition of moral maturity has been criticized for its basis on general principles of justice. Haan, et al. (1985) instead proposed that moral reasoning is the result of understanding the interdependence of self and others that occurs in social interactions. Haan also suggests that moral reasoning may take on different forms in different cultures due to the wide variations in what is considered a need, desire, strength, or weakness. Thus, Haan's model incorporates the _______________nature of morality.

Accepted Answer

Haan's model emphasizes the importance of social interactions and the understanding of the interdependence of self and others in moral reasoning, which is described as the interactional nature of morality. This approach contrasts with Kohlberg's focus on general principles of justice, highlighting the variability and context-dependence of moral reasoning across different cultures.

Question 10

The emerging field of developmental neuroscience examines how_____ and_______ are linked in the development of human behavior.

Accepted Answer

Developmental neuroscience explores the connection between culture and biology in shaping human behavior, focusing on how biological processes are influenced by cultural contexts and vice versa.

Question 11

Noordin, Richard, and Ibrahim are all fifteen years old and each is experiencing a developmental crisis. Through their family traditions and association with their friends at school, they are trying to answer the same question: "Who am I and what am I supposed to be?" According to Erikson, all three are going through the crisis of

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development identifies the crisis of identity vs. role confusion as occurring during adolescence, which is the stage these fifteen-year-olds are in. This stage involves exploring personal identity and developing a sense of self.

Question 12

One of the suggestions for future research in culture and psychology presented in Chapter 10 includes the study of those areas of the world that have received little attention. This includes the "MENA" area. MENA stands for:

Accepted Answer

MENA stands for Middle Eastern/North African, highlighting regions that have been underrepresented in psychological research.

Question 13

Hoghughi and Long (2004) assess the current status of parenting around the world and discuss possible trends affecting parents and children in the 21^st century. These include:

Accepted Answer

Hoghughi and Long (2004) discuss trends that could significantly impact parenting, such as advances in genetic engineering, which could influence future parenting practices and child development.

Question 14

Research done by Cantor et al. (1985, 1987) uses the concept of "life-tasks" to study lifespan changes among American undergraduates. This concept is useful in cross- cultural studies because

Accepted Answer

The concept of "life-tasks" is useful in cross-cultural studies because it is a self-generated theme based upon people's culture-specific experiences, allowing researchers to understand how individuals in different cultures perceive and prioritize their life tasks. This approach respects cultural differences and provides insights into how cultural context influences people's understanding of their life goals and challenges.

Question 15

A "mental program" as defined by Hofstede (2001) is

Accepted Answer

Hofstede's concept of "mental program" refers to values and cultural elements developed within the family during early childhood, reflecting national culture.

Question 16

Sharon is seven years old and is in the first grade at Saint Martin's Elementary School inEast Detroit. She is working with her teacher, Ms. Johnson, to put together a puzzle thathelps teach the alphabet. Based on what you have learned in Chapter 10, use the theoriesof Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, and Kohlberg to explain the accomplishments Sharonmight make or exhibit with this task in cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sharon is seven years old and is...

Question 17

You have been hired to lead a team of researchers to conduct a longitudinal study that will compare the cognitive development of five sets of identical twins from two different cultures. Based on your understanding of Chapter 10, select two cultures and then decide on what questions you will ask that incorporate one or more of the levels in Bronfenbrenner's ecological model and the components of Super and Harkness' developmental niche, to monitor the cognitive changes taking place in the twins over a ten-year period.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You have been hired to lead a...

Question 18

Suzanne Johnson is a first-year law student at odds with one of her colleagues over a particular case in mock trial. She feels strongly that the Heavy Metals Manufacturing Company, Inc. owes their line employees compensation for ailments that may have resulted from exposure to particular chemicals in their line of work. The opposing counsel in the mock trial argues that, since the workers signed a "no-fault" release when they were hired, the right thing to do is to honor their contract and forego compensation. Based on Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, how might Ms. Johnson best construct an argument in response to her counterpart's defense?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suzanne Johnson is a first-year law student...

Quiz 10: Future Trends and Applications

In the opening vignettes to Chapter 10, Michel's beliefs about God and religion establish his world views and devotional outlook while Phyllidia's extended family help maintain her social and cultural traditions. Both of these represent examples of Bronfenbrenner's

According to Vygotsky, a child's mental abilities develop as a result of participation in collaborative activities with more skilled peers or adults. Consequently, it is the social interaction and___________ that provide the foundation for cognitive development.

The text discusses some of the challenges in conducting cross-cultural research. Fons van de Vijver asserts that the field must develop "tailor made" methodologies for cross- cultural research. The following would support advancements in this arena:

In the final chapter of "Lives Across Cultures" Gardiner and Kosmitzki predict that future theories of human development will

The emerging field of developmental neuroscience examines how_ and___ are linked in the development of human behavior.

One of the suggestions for future research in culture and psychology presented in Chapter 10 includes the study of those areas of the world that have received little attention. This includes the "MENA" area. MENA stands for:

Hoghughi and Long (2004) assess the current status of parenting around the world and discuss possible trends affecting parents and children in the 21^st century. These include:

Research done by Cantor et al. (1985, 1987) uses the concept of "life-tasks" to study lifespan changes among American undergraduates. This concept is useful in cross- cultural studies because

A "mental program" as defined by Hofstede (2001) is

Quiz 10: Future Trends and Applications

In the opening vignettes to Chapter 10, Michel's beliefs about God and religion establish his world views and devotional outlook while Phyllidia's extended family help maintain her social and cultural traditions. Both of these represent examples of Bronfenbrenner's

According to Vygotsky, a child's mental abilities develop as a result of participation in collaborative activities with more skilled peers or adults. Consequently, it is the social interaction and___________ that provide the foundation for cognitive development.

The text discusses some of the challenges in conducting cross-cultural research. Fons van de Vijver asserts that the field must develop "tailor made" methodologies for cross- cultural research. The following would support advancements in this arena:

In the final chapter of "Lives Across Cultures" Gardiner and Kosmitzki predict that future theories of human development will

The emerging field of developmental neuroscience examines how_____ and_______ are linked in the development of human behavior.

One of the suggestions for future research in culture and psychology presented in Chapter 10 includes the study of those areas of the world that have received little attention. This includes the "MENA" area. MENA stands for:

Hoghughi and Long (2004) assess the current status of parenting around the world and discuss possible trends affecting parents and children in the 21st century. These include:

Research done by Cantor et al. (1985, 1987) uses the concept of "life-tasks" to study lifespan changes among American undergraduates. This concept is useful in cross- cultural studies because

A "mental program" as defined by Hofstede (2001) is

The emerging field of developmental neuroscience examines how_ and___ are linked in the development of human behavior.

Hoghughi and Long (2004) assess the current status of parenting around the world and discuss possible trends affecting parents and children in the 21^st century. These include: