Question 1

In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes,the longer the children spent in orphanage care,the __________ their __________.

Accepted Answer

The longer the children spent in orphanage care, the higher their cortisol levels. This is because prolonged institutional care can lead to chronic stress and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in elevated cortisol levels.

Question 2

Which statement about cosleeping is true?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that babies who co-sleep with their parents breastfeed for a longer duration compared to infants who sleep alone. Co-sleeping promotes frequent nursing and may contribute to longer breastfeeding time.

Answer: B 
 Co-sleeping can disrupt mothers' sleep, leading to reduced total sleep time. Mothers may wake up more frequently due to the baby's movements, noises, or nursing demands, leading to sleep deprivation.

Answer: C 
 Cosleeping does not promote excessive dependency. Instead, it provides a secure attachment between the baby and its parents, promoting emotional security, and healthier social-emotional development in infants.

Answer: D 
 Soft mattresses and heavy blankets are not recommended for cosleeping as they increase the risk of suffocation and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Infants should be placed on a firm surface, and light blankets should be used to prevent suffocation.

Question 3

__________ growth is a return to a genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions improve.

Accepted Answer

Catch-up growth refers to a phenomenon where, after a period of negative conditions or stunted growth, an individual experiences accelerated growth in an attempt to "catch up" to their genetically determined growth trajectory. This can occur in areas such as height, weight, or cognitive development.

Question 4

Between birth and 2 years,__________.

Accepted Answer

The sleep-wake pattern changes substantially between birth and 2 years as infants develop more regular sleep cycles and gradually sleep for longer periods at night.

Question 5

Breastfeeding for just a few weeks __________.

Accepted Answer

Breastfeeding for just a few weeks offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections. Option A is incorrect, as breastfeeding for a few weeks is not a reliable method of birth control. Option B is incorrect, as there is no evidence to suggest that breastfeeding for just a few weeks leads to later obesity. Option C is incorrect, as breastfeeding usually helps ease constipation, rather than causing it.

Question 6

When brain damage occurs to the __________,recovery is limited.

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in decision-making, working memory, and attention. Damage to this area can result in deficits in these functions and limit recovery, as the prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-order cognitive processes that are difficult to compensate for with other brain regions. Damage to other lobes can also have significant effects on recovery, but the prefrontal cortex is particularly critical.

Question 7

In a study of over 10,000 mothers in Western and Asian nations,consistently engaging in bedtime routines was associated with __________.

Accepted Answer

Consistently engaging in bedtime routines was associated with waking less often according to the study of over 10,000 mothers in Western and Asian nations.

Question 8

Rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him.What information can you share with Rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?

Accepted Answer

In cultures where co-sleeping is widespread, parents and infants usually sleep with light covering on hard surfaces. This reduces the risk of suffocation as there is no soft bedding material that can obstruct the baby's airway. Additionally, parents are usually aware of their baby's position and movements throughout the night, which can further reduce the risk of suffocation. It is important to note that parents should always follow safe co-sleeping practices and ensure the sleeping area is clear of any potential hazards for the baby.

Question 9

Most 6- to 9-month-olds __________.

Accepted Answer

Most 6- to 9-month-olds take two daytime naps, usually a morning nap and an afternoon nap.

Question 10

Which statement about brain development is true?

Accepted Answer

There is no evidence for a sensitive period in the first few years for mastering skills that require extensive training, as these skills can be learned later in life with practice and dedication.

Question 11

The body weights of adopted children __________.

Accepted Answer

The body weights of adopted children correlate more strongly with those of their biological parents than with their adoptive parents. This suggests that genetics play a significant role in determining body weight, more so than the environment provided by adoptive parents.

Question 12

Which learning experiences should Cheryl,a caregiver,use to promote experience-expectant brain growth?

Accepted Answer

Playing a game of peekaboo is the best choice because it stimulates the baby's visual and cognitive development by encouraging them to anticipate events and understand object permanence, which are key skills for experience-expectant brain growth. Reading and writing, practicing the piano, and playing computer games may also have cognitive benefits, but they are not as specifically tailored to the brain development that occurs in early childhood.

Question 13

Training infants with letter and number flash cards,as well as educational tablet applications,__________.

Accepted Answer

Training infants with flash cards and educational apps can cause them to withdraw and may lead to conditions like stimulus deprivation, which can be detrimental to their overall development. It is important to provide infants with developmentally appropriate stimulation and activities rather than pushing them to become "superbabies."

Question 14

Terry and Ahmad plan to adopt 3-year-old Oleg,who has been living in an orphanage since birth.Terry and Ahmad should know that early,prolonged institutionalization __________.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children who experience early, prolonged institutionalization may have a decreased size and activity in the cerebral cortex, which can affect cognitive and emotional development. The other choices are not supported by research.

Question 15

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age __________,with solid foods added at __________.

Accepted Answer

The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, with continued breastfeeding along with appropriate complementary foods up to 2 years of age or beyond.

Question 16

Pound for pound,an infant's energy needs are __________ those of an adult.

Accepted Answer

Infants have significantly higher energy needs pound for pound compared to adults, at least twice as much, to support their rapid growth and development.

Question 17

Compared to U.S.babies,Dutch babies __________.

Accepted Answer

According to the information provided, Dutch babies sleep on average 2 hours more per day than U.S. babies. Therefore, option C is the correct choice. Option A is incorrect because there is no information provided about the bedtime of U.S. babies for comparison. Option B is incorrect because it is the opposite of the correct answer. Option D is unsupported by the given information.

Question 18

__________ is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world's population.

Accepted Answer

Parent-infant cosleeping is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world's population according to cross-cultural research on infant sleep patterns. Nighttime separation of baby from parent and imposing a strict infant sleep schedule are more common in Western cultures, while infant crib sleeping is also common in some cultures but not as prevalent as cosleeping.

Question 19

Experience-dependent brain growth __________.

Accepted Answer

Experience-dependent brain growth occurs throughout our lives as we continue to learn and have new experiences that shape the connections and structures in our brains. It is not limited to just early development or specific types of experiences.

Question 20

Regina and Cassie adopted Chelsea from an orphanage in Argentina.Three years after her adoption,Chelsea displays abnormally low cortisol.This is a sign of __________.

Accepted Answer

Abnormally low cortisol levels are a sign of an impaired capacity to manage stress. Cortisol is a hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress, so low levels of cortisol indicate that the body is not responding properly to stress. This can have a range of negative effects on physical and psychological health.

Quiz 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes,the longer the children spent in orphanage care,the their .