Question 1

Sydney,when faced with a problem,starts with a hypothesis,deduces testable inferences,and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed.Sydney is in Piaget's __________ stage of development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Accepted Answer

Sydney's problem-solving strategies indicate that she is capable of abstract thinking, hypothesis testing, and systematic experimentation, which are characteristics of the formal operational stage according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The other options are ruled out because they are associated with earlier stages of development, which do not involve advanced logical reasoning and scientific thinking.

Question 2

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,__________.
A) children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
B) children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults
C) adult teaching is the best way to foster development
D) rapid development occurs during sensitive periods

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory emphasizes that children are active learners who construct their understanding of the world through exploration and manipulation. Piaget believed that children's cognitive development is staged-based and occurs through qualitatively different structures of thought. He did not emphasize the role of reinforcement or adult teaching as the primary drivers of development, and did not speak of sensitive periods.

Question 3

The information-processing approach views the human mind as a __________.
A) socially mediated process
B) collection of stimuli and responses
C) system of genetically programmed behaviors
D) symbol-manipulating system through which information flows

Accepted Answer

The information-processing approach views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. It emphasizes the mechanisms that allow people to receive, integrate, store, retrieve, and use information.

Question 4

Dr.Rizvi studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology,biology,neuroscience,and medicine.This approach to development is known as __________.
A) behaviorism
B) cognitive-development theory
C) the information-processing approach
D) developmental cognitive neuroscience

Accepted Answer

Developmental cognitive neuroscience combines the research from multiple fields, including psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine, to study the relationship between changes in the brain and behavior/cognitive processing.

Question 5

Developmental social neuroscience __________.
A) involves the design of flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to complete tasks
B) emphasizes that preschoolers' thinking is full of faulty logic because they engage in hands-on exploration
C) is devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social development
D) involves the study of brain activity and the individual's linear and logical cognitive processing patterns

Accepted Answer

Developmental social neuroscience is a field of study that focuses on examining the links between changes in the brain and social and emotional development. It explores how the development of various brain structures and neurological processes are related to social behavior, emotional processing, and cognitive functioning.

Option A is incorrect because flowcharts are not relevant to the field of developmental social neuroscience.

Option B is incorrect because it is an inaccurate description of preschoolers' thinking. While preschoolers may make mistakes in their thinking, they are not inherently more prone to faulty logic than individuals of other ages.

Option D is incorrect because it suggests that cognitive processing patterns are linear and logical, which is an oversimplification. People's thinking is often nonlinear and influenced by a wide range of factors such as emotions, biases, and past experiences.

Question 6

Like Piaget's theory,the information-processing approach __________.
A) divides development into stages
B) views development as discontinuous
C) regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking
D) has much to say about nonlinear cognition, such as imagination and creativity

Accepted Answer

The information-processing approach regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking.

Question 7

According to Jean Piaget,__________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.
A) imitation
B) adaptation
C) cognition
D) equilibrium

Accepted Answer

Equilibrium refers to the balance between a child's existing cognitive structures (schemata) and the new information or experiences they encounter. When children encounter new information that fits with their existing schemata, they achieve a state of equilibrium. However, if they encounter information that does not fit with their existing schemata, they experience cognitive conflict or disequilibrium. Through a process of adaptation, children will either modify their existing schemata to accommodate the new information (assimilation), or they will create new schemata to incorporate the new information (accommodation), eventually leading to a new state of equilibrium.

Question 8

A major strength of the information-processing approach to development is its commitment to __________.
A) the study of imagination
B) flexible case study interviews
C) rigorous research methods
D) disproving other developmental theories

Accepted Answer

The information-processing approach to development relies on rigorous research methods, which helps to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. This commitment to scientific inquiry is a major strength of this approach.

Question 9

Piaget's critics point out that __________.
A) he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children
B) his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences
C) discovery learning rather than adult teaching is the best way to foster development
D) children's performances on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training

Accepted Answer

Piaget's critics argue that his stagewise account of development does not take into account the social and cultural influences on children's cognitive development. They suggest that culture and social interactions play an important role in shaping cognitive development, which Piaget's theory does not adequately address.

Question 10

Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory __________.
A) overemphasize the plasticity of cognitive development
B) overestimate people's contributions to their own development
C) offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences
D) overemphasize each individual's unique life history

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism and social learning theory tend to focus on observable behaviors and specific environmental stimuli as the primary influences on development, potentially overlooking other important contextual and individual factors. This narrow emphasis can limit the scope of environmental influences considered in development.

Question 11

One criticism of the information-processing approach is that it __________.
A) underestimates the individual's contribution to his or her own development
B) ignores transformation in adulthood, concluding that no major cognitive changes occur after adolescence
C) underestimates the competencies of infants and preschoolers, focusing on older children and adolescents
D) is better at analyzing thinking into its components than at putting them back together into a comprehensive theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of One criticism of the information-processing approach is...

Question 12

Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks.Lillian is a(n)__________ theorist.
A) psychoanalytic
B) information-processing
C) psychosocial
D) social learning

Accepted Answer

Lillian's use of flowcharts suggests an interest in understanding how people process information and solve problems, which aligns with information-processing theory. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of the unconscious in behavior, psychosocial theory emphasizes the interplay between individual development and social context, and social learning theory stresses the importance of observation and imitation in learning and behavior.

Question 13

Today,Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.
A) behavior modification
B) punishment
C) cognition
D) reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of cognition or how people think, perceive, and interpret events in shaping behavior. Bandura's social-cognitive theory also highlights the importance of observing others' behaviors and modeling them to acquire new behaviors, which is known as observational learning. While reinforcement and punishment are also part of Bandura's theory, cognition is the primary focus.

Question 14

Four-year-old R'Monte engages in make-believe play.He stirs beads in a bowl and says,"Soup is ready!" According to Piaget,R'Monte is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) sociocultural

Accepted Answer

R'Monte's behavior of engaging in make-believe play and pretending that the beads in the bowl are soup suggests that he is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget. In this stage, children engage in imaginative play and use symbols to represent objects and ideas, but they still have difficulty with logical reasoning and conservation tasks.

Question 15

According to __________ theory,children learn primarily through modeling.
A) reinforcement
B) operant conditioning
C) social learning
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory posits that children learn primarily through modeling or observing the behaviors of others. This theory emphasizes the importance of social reinforcement, rather than just reinforcement alone in shaping behavior. Operant conditioning also emphasizes reinforcement, but not necessarily the role of modeling. Classical conditioning focuses on the relationship between two stimuli, rather than the role of social behavior in learning.

Question 16

Cindy tells her daughter,"I know you can do a good job on that homework" because she believes that if she encourages persistence,her daughter will start to view herself as hardworking and high-achieving.Cindy is applying the __________ approach.
A) behavior modification
B) psychosocial
C) cognitive-developmental
D) social-cognitive

Accepted Answer

Cindy is using the social-cognitive approach because she is trying to shape her daughter's beliefs about herself and her abilities, as well as encouraging her to persist and work hard. This approach emphasizes the role of both environmental and personal factors in shaping behavior and beliefs.

Question 17

Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for __________.
A) ethology
B) social learning theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) cognitive-developmental theory

Accepted Answer

Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen are credited with laying the modern foundations for ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior.

Question 18

The goal of applied behavior analysis is to __________.
A) outline changes in temperament over the lifespan
B) eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
C) examine how we think about ourselves and other people
D) synthesize information from various sources into a detailed picture of a person's personality

Accepted Answer

The goal of applied behavior analysis is to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses through the use of various techniques such as positive reinforcement and behavior modification. It focuses on observable behaviors and applying scientific principles to create meaningful changes in behavior.

Question 19

Observations of imprinting led to which major concept in human development?
A) adaptation
B) equilibrium
C) the critical period
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Imprinting, as observed in animals, led to the concept of a critical period in human development, which refers to a specific period of time during which a particular skill or behavior must be learned in order for it to be acquired successfully.

Question 20

Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of __________.
A) imitation
B) adaptation
C) self-efficacy
D) scaffolding

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory is based on the concept of adaptation, which includes the processes of assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation occurs when new experiences are incorporated into existing mental schemas, while accommodation involves adjusting existing schemas or creating new ones to fit new experiences. This process of adaptation drives cognitive development according to Piaget.

Quiz 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies

Sydney,when faced with a problem,starts with a hypothesis,deduces testable inferences,and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed.Sydney is in Piaget's __________ stage of development.

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,__________.

The information-processing approach views the human mind as a __________.

Dr.Rizvi studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology,biology,neuroscience,and medicine.This approach to development is known as __________.

Developmental social neuroscience __________.

Like Piaget's theory,the information-processing approach __________.

According to Jean Piaget,__________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.

A major strength of the information-processing approach to development is its commitment to __________.

Piaget's critics point out that __________.

Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory __________.

One criticism of the information-processing approach is that it __________.

Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks.Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

Today,Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.

Four-year-old R'Monte engages in make-believe play.He stirs beads in a bowl and says,"Soup is ready!" According to Piaget,R'Monte is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

According to __________ theory,children learn primarily through modeling.

Cindy tells her daughter,"I know you can do a good job on that homework" because she believes that if she encourages persistence,her daughter will start to view herself as hardworking and high-achieving.Cindy is applying the __________ approach.

Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for __________.

The goal of applied behavior analysis is to __________.

Observations of imprinting led to which major concept in human development?

Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of __________.